Borneo Science | The Journal of Science and Technology

EXTRACTION OF 4H-PYRAN-4-ONE, 2,3- DIHYDRO -6-METHYL-, AN ALTERNATIVE ANTIFUNGAL AGENT, FROM SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE: OPTIMIZATION AND KINETIC STUDY

Yi Peng Teoh, Mashitah Mat Don — Thu, 10 Mar 2016 00:00:00 +0800

4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- (DDMP) was believed as a promising alternative in term antifungal activity towards fungal attack in rubberwood. Solid-liquid extraction is performed from basidiomycetes fungus Schizophyllum commune in methanol-water solvent, in order to obtain valuable antifungal agent. Statistical optimization was employed to optimize the extraction condition for maximal total flavonoid content (TFC) and DDMP productivity. The optimum conditions were 70.75% (v/v) methanol, 29 °C, and 145 rpm. The optimization studies were verified and the experimental data fitted well to the selected models with error percentage less than 1%. The extraction kinetics was theninvestigated using Parabolic diffusion model, Power law model, Peleg’s model, and Elovich’smodel. All empirical models gave a good fit to the experimental data (R2 > 0.9), in which the Power law model having the highest R2 and lowest RMSD values.

CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL EVALUATION OF SOME UNCOMMON INDIGENOUS FRUITS AND NUTS

M.C Ogwu, M.E Osawaru, E. I Atsenokhai — Thu, 10 Mar 2016 00:00:00 +0800

Fruits and nuts are essential components of animal and human diets and desert. They represent diverse genetic resources in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In Nigeria, exotic fruits are more popular as indigenous ones are largely underutilized. This study examined the chemical components of five uncommon fruits: African oil bean [Pentaclathra macrophylla, Fabaceae], Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranean, Fabaceae], African bush mango [Irvingia gabonensis, Irvingiaceae], African pear [Dacryodes edulis, Burseraceae] and Nigerian walnut [Tetracarpidium conophorum, Euphorbiaceae]. The fresh fruits/nuts were collected from parts of Edo State, Southern Nigeria. Results showed that alkaloid was present in fresh and cooked samples of walnut and pear, and only present in fresh samples of P. macrophylla and V. subterranean. Alkaloid was
absent in both fresh and cooked I. gaborensis. The result of mineral composition of the samples suggests highest calcium, potassium and magnesium content was obtained in African pear and P. macrophylla for sodium, zinc and iron. Presence of ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin and lactic acid was confirmed in all the fruits. The highest concentration of ascorbic acid,
thiamine, riboflavin and lactic acid was obtained from I. gaborensis, V. subterranean, P. macrophylla and D. edulis respectively. The highest bacterial and fungal count in fresh samples was from Bambara groundnut and P. macrophylla respectively. This study has implicated the relevance of these uncommon fruits and nuts. It is recommended therefore that their awareness should be improved in order to sustain their marketability and food use.

IN VITRO BIOACTIVITIES AND PHYTOCHEMICALS CONTENT OF VEGETABLES FROM SABAH, MALAYSIA

Jualang A. G., Adznila E., Siew Eng How — Thu, 10 Mar 2016 00:00:00 +0800

This study aims to investigate potential of vegetables from Sabah with value-added benefits in nutraceuticals. Fifty-five samples of vegetables were collected from local market and tested for antioxidant activity using DPPH assay. Four species with high DPPH scavenging activity (>80%) which are Cosmos caudatus, Eryngium foetidum, Ipomoea batatas and Manihot esculenta Crantz were selected and subjected to different solvents extraction and tested to different scavenging assays (DPPH, O2 and NO), protein kinase-phosphatase assay (GSK-3β, MKK1, and MSG5) and antibacterial tests. Ethanol extract of I. batatas (90.56%), boiled water extract of M. esculenta Crantz (62.77%) and extractable polyphenol extract of E. foetidum (50.93%) exhibits comparable scavenging activities to catechin for DPPH, O2 and NO, respectively. Polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids and proanthocynidins are detected in all extracts at concentration between 0.001 mg/g to 0.52 mg/g. The highest total polyphenols content (0.40±0.01 mg GAE/g), total phenolics content (0.52±0.01 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids content (0.13±0.01 mg CE/g) and total proanthocyanidins content (0.12±0 mg CE/g) were obtained in extractable polyphenols of Cosmos caudatus. No extracts were observed as inhibitor for GSK-3β, MKK1 and MSG5. Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.0 mm to 12.3 mm) was only obtained in extractable polyphenols and ethanol extracts. Extractable polyphenols of E. foetidum exhibit the largest inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.3 mm).

BIOMONITORING OF STREAMS: USING EPHEMEROPTERA, PLECOPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA (EPT) IN RESPONSES TO THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAND USE AT TABIN WILDLIFE RESERVE (TWR), LAHAD DATU, SABAH, MALAYSIA

Arman Hadi Fikri, Audrey Ang Chii Shian, Sahana Harun, Kueh Boon Hee — Thu, 10 Mar 2016 00:00:00 +0800

A preliminary study on three aquatic insect orders, namely Ephemeroptera (mayfly), Plecoptera (stonefly), and Trichoptera (caddisfly) (EPT) was conducted at Tabin Wildlife Reserve (TWR), Lahad Datu, Sabah in January and February 2015. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the composition of EPT along a stream at TWR, (ii) the distribution of EPT in each different land use at TWR, and (iii) the relationship between EPT communities and the water quality of the stream at TWR. Kick net sampling technique was
used for collecting the EPT communities along Sg. Lipad of TWR. The most dominant orderwas Ephemeroptera consisting of 11 families with 1,354 individuals out of the total of 1,724 individuals and 26 families of EPT communities sampled. Trichoptera was the second most abundant order with nine families and 258 individuals, and lastly, Plecoptera with only six families and 112 individuals. There were more families of EPT communities distributed in secondary forest as compared to the oil palm plantation. Several exclusive families were found in secondary forest, while only one family was found in oil palm plantation. The habitat run showed the highest in abundance of EPT, while pool recorded the least in abundance. Four biotic indices (BMWP, ASPT, FBI, and INWQS) and a few physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, conductivity, and DO) were used in this study to determine the water quality of the sampling location. Based on the biotic indices and physico-chemical parameters, the status of water in Sg. Lipad was in excellent condition. The two water quality tests showed profound consistency. This serves as a confirmation that the EPT communities are effective to be used as a biomonitoring tool at TWR.

Growth and Yield Analysis of Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Wahyudi, A. R Mojiol, Z. Muttaqin — Thu, 10 Mar 2016 00:00:00 +0800

Sungkai (Peronema canescens) is a local commercial tree (native species) that has the potential to be developed as a plantation forest and agroforestry estate. This study aims to determine the percentage of survivality, productivity, optimum cutting cycle, and financial benefits of the Sungkai tree. The study was conducted in the people plantation, Kapuas district, Central Kalimantan Province. The research took the growth parameter of Sungkai which was grown since the year 2001 to 2013 in areas with the ultisol soil type. Data analysis has been using the average value of diameter, height and volume, annual increment (annual), the regression equation of NPV, BCR and IRR. The results showed that in 12 years the percentage of Sungkai survivality reached 89.7%, with an annual increase of 14.10 m3 ha-1 year-1 and a density of 997 trees ha-1 . The Equation modelling of Sungkai plantation is y = 2.073 + 1.6623x - 0.0165x2 (R 2 = 84.05%). At the level of loan interest of 9% per year,
Sungkai have an economic harvest cycle of 15 years with NPV Rp. 58.49 million ha-1 , BCR: 7.64 and IRR: 11.75%. Whereas, when the loan interest rate of 6% and 12% per annum, then the cutting cycle of 15 years, the NPV are to Rp. 92.65 million ha-1
and Rp. 36.6 million ha-1 respectively. In this study, Sungkai tree are very suitable to be developed in agroforestry and to increase the productivity of land such as shifting cultivation area, scrubland and low potential forest areas which were widespread, especially in Kalimantan, Borneo.