UNVEILING THE DYNAMICS OF WORD-OF-MOUTH PROPAGATION EXAMINING MEMORABLE EXPERIENCES, DESTINATION IMAGE, SOCIAL MEDIA INTERACTIONS AND SATISFACTION.
Keywords:
: Tourist Memorable Experiences ; Word-of-Mouth ; Destination Image ; Social Media Interactions ; SatisfactionAbstract
This study explores the tourist experiences within Kinabalu Park, Sabah, with a particular focus on Word-of-Mouth Intentions (WOM). By examining various dimensions of tourist memorable experiences, encompassing destination image, social media interactions, and satisfaction, it unravels the intricate dynamics that underpin WOM. Employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), the study elucidates the substantial influence of social media on destination image and WOM intentions. Furthermore, it identifies social media interactions as a moderator in the relationship between destination image and WOM, shedding light on the nuanced communication dynamics prevalent in the tourism landscape. This underscores the evolving role of social media in tourism communication, exerting a significant influence on perceptions and communication patterns among tourists. The findings of this study carry implications for both practical applications in tourism marketing and academic research. For practitioners, the insights gleaned from this research offer valuable guidance in leveraging social media platforms to cultivate positive destination images and foster word-of-mouth communication. By recognising the pivotal role of social media in shaping tourists' perceptions and communication behaviours, tourism marketers can develop targeted strategies to enhance destination image and stimulate positive word-of-mouth promotion. Moreover, the study provides empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of social media interventions in influencing tourist behaviour, thus informing strategic decision-making processes within the tourism industry. From an academic perspective, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing empirical insights into the complex interplay between social media, destination image, and word-of-mouth intentions in the tourism context. By employing advanced statistical techniques such as PLS-SEM, the study offers a rigorous analysis of the underlying relationships, thereby enriching our understanding of tourist behaviour and communication dynamics within tourism destinations. Furthermore, the study contributes to advancing theoretical knowledge in the field of tourism communication, underscoring the evolving role of social media in shaping tourist behaviour and communication patterns.
References
Afshardoost, M., & Eshaghi, M. S. (2020). Destination image and tourist behavioural intentions: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 81, 104154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104154
Agyapong, E. K., & Yuan, J. (2022). Social media impact on tourism destination decision: Evidence from international students in China. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 12(12), 2055–2080. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2022.1212143
Alsahafi, R., Alzahrani, A., & Mehmood, R. (2023). Smarter sustainable tourism: data-driven multi-perspective parameter discovery for autonomous design and operations. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 19. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202302.0066.v1
Alnsour, M. S., Ghannam, M., & Alzeidat, Y. (2018). Social media effect on purchase intention: Jordanian airline industry. The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 23(2), 1. https://www.icommercecentral.com/open-access/social-media-effect-on-purchase-intention-jordanian-airline-industry.pdf
Bernkopf, D., & Nixon, L. (2018). The impact of visual social media on the projected image of a destination: the case of Mexico City on Instagram. In Springer eBooks. 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05940-8_12
Bidder, C., Kibat, S. A., & Fatt, B. S. (2016). Cultural interpretation toward sustainability: A case of Mount Kinabalu. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 224, 632–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.454
Bhuiyan, M. a. H., Darda, M. A., & Hasan, M. R. (2021). Tourist perception and satisfaction on safari tourism at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib safari park in Bangladesh. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9(4), 430–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.11.005
Bonn, U. U. L. (2008). Sustainable tourism and the influence of privatization in protected area management. A case of Kinabalu Park, Malaysia. Retrieved from http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2008/1288/1288.htm
Bosque, I., & Martín, H. S. (2008). Tourist satisfaction a cognitive-affective model. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 551–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.006
Chen, N., Dwyer, L., & Firth, T. (2018). Residents’ place attachment and word-of-mouth behaviours: A tale of two cities. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.05.001
Christina, G., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.007
Crompton, J. L. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757901700404
Dagustani, D., Kartini, D., Oesman, Y. M., & Kaltum, U. (2018). Destination image of tourist: Effect of travel motivation and memorable tourism experience. Etikonomi, 17(2), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v17i2.7211
Foroudi, P.; Nazarian, A.; Ziyadin, S.; Kitchen, P.; Hafeez, K.; Priporas, C. & Pantano, E. (2020). Co-creating brand image and reputation through stakeholder’s socialnetwork. Journal of Business Research, 114, 42-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 1331677y.2019.1768934
Gounaris, S., Dimitriadis, S., & Stathakopoulos, V. (2010). An examination of the effects of service quality and satisfaction on customers’ behavioral intentions in e‐shopping. Journal of Services Marketing, 24(2), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041011031118
Gunn, C. A. (1972). Vacationscape: Designing tourist regions. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/ books/about/Vacationscape.html?id=2uOjtQxoVwEC
Han, C., & Rahman, I. (2018). Cultural tourism: An analysis of engagement, cultural contact, memorable tourism experience and destination loyalty. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.10.006
Hair, J.F, Howards, M., & Nitzl, C. (2022). Assessing measurement model quality in pls sem using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109(5-6), 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
Harun, A., Obong, A., Kassim, A. W. M., & Lily, J. (2018). The effects of destination image and perceived risk on revisit intention: a study in the south eastern coast of Sabah, Malaysia. E-review of Tourism Research, 15(6). https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/23636
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Huete-Alcocer, N., & Ruiz, V. R. L. (2019). The role of destination image in tourist satisfaction: the case of a heritage site. Ekonomska Istrazivanja-economic Research, 33(1), 2444–2461. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2019.1654399
Ilieva, G. (2022). The impact of social media on the destination image formation and tourist behavior. Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/a/vra/journl/v11y2022i1p58-66.html
Insight. (2020, September 8). Why word-of-mouth is still a powerful marketing tool for tourism. Experience specialist program. Retrieved from https://experiencespecialisttraining.com/why-word-of-mouth-is-still-a-powerful-marketing-tool-for-tourism/
Jebbouri, A., Zhang, H., Imran, Z., Iqbal, J., & Bouchiba, N. (2022). Impact of destination image formation on Tourist Trust: Mediating role of Tourist satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.845538
Kanwel, S., Lingqiang, Z., Asif, M., Hwang, J., Hussain, A., & Jameel, A. (2019). The influence of destination image on tourist loyalty and intention to visit: Testing a multiple mediation approach. Sustainability, 11(22), 6401. https://doi.org/10.1018/j.ijgeop.2019.10.007
Karl, M., Muskat, B., & Ritchie, B. W. (2020). Which travel risks are more salient for destination choice? An examination of the tourist’s decision-making process. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 18, 100487. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jdmm.2020.100487
Keiningham, T. L., Aksoy, L., Bruce, H., Cadet, F., Clennell, N., Hodgkinson, I. R., & Kearney, T. (2020). Customer experience driven business model innovation. Journal of Business Research, 116, 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.08.003
Kim, J. (2014). Determining the factors affecting the memorable nature of travel experiences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8), 780–796. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10548408.2010.526897
Khatib, M. , AlMaeeni, A. and Alkamali, W. (2022) The relation between effective digital program governance and program success. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 12, 1402-1418. https:.//doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2022.129078
Li, J., & Cao, B. (2022). Study on tourism consumer behavior and countermeasures based on big data. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6120511
Li, X., Gong, J., Gao, B., & Yuan, P. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on tourists’ destination preferences: Evidence from China. Annals of Tourism Research, 90, 103258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103258
Marques, C., Da Silva, R. V., & Antova, S. (2021). Image, satisfaction, destination and product post-visit behaviours: How do they relate in emerging destinations?. Tourism Management, 85, 104293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104293
Mohammad BAA (2020) The effect of word of mouth and destination attributes on travel intention to Jordan. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality 9, 448. http://doi/10.35248/2167-0269.20.9.448.
Musa, F., Nasir, N., Jaunis, O., & Hamdan, D. D. M. (2021). Exploring tourists’ knowledge, perceptions and willingness to pay on biodiversity conservation: insights from Kinabalu Park, Borneo. IOP Conference Series, 736(1), 012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/736/1/012045
Nazir, M. U., Yasin, I. M., & Tat, H. H. (2021). Destination image’s mediating role between perceived risks, perceived constraints, and behavioral intention. Heliyon, 7(7), e07613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07613
Nor, S. M. (2001). Elevational diversity patterns of small mammals on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10(1), 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1046/ j.1466-822x.2001.00231.x
Osti, L., & Nava, C. R. (2020). Loyal: to what extent? A shift in destination preference due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 1(1), 100004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2020.100004
Pedro, I., de Costa, J. & Nobre, L. (2020). Understanding Alumni-Alma mater commitment Relationships upstream and downstream. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 10(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2020.1768200
Phua, M. H., Tsuyuki, S., Furuya, N., & Lee, J. (2008). Detecting deforestation with a spectral change detection approach using multitemporal Landsat data: A case study of Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Management, 88(4), 784–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.04.011
Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The experience economy. Retrieved from http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ ncid/BB08166981
Pizam, A., & Ellis, T. (1999). Customer satisfaction and its measurement in hospitality enterprises. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 11(7), 326–339. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596119910293231
Prayag, G., & Ryan, C. (2011). Antecedents of tourists’ loyalty to Mauritius. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 342–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511410321
Pullman, M. E., & Gross, M. (2004). Ability of experience design elements to elicit emotions and loyalty behaviors. Decision Sciences, 35(3), 551–578. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.0011-7315.2004.02611.x
Ramyar, Meysam & Abd Halim, Norhazliza. (2020). Tourist expectation and satisfaction towards existing infrastructure and facilities in Golestan National Park, Iran. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 3. 89-108. https://doi.org/10.3390/st193648254
Richardson, H. (2023). Southeast Asia’s highest peak: Mount Kinabalu. Jacada Travel. Retrieved from https://www.jacadatravel.com/the-explorer/conquering-southeast-asias-highest-peak-mount-kinabalu-borneo/
Samudro, A., Sumarwan, U., Simanjuntak, M., & Yusuf, E. Z. (2020). Assessing the effects of perceived quality and perceived value on customer satisfaction. Management Science Letters, 1077–1084. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.11.001
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2019). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley and Sons.
Shafiee, M. M., Foroudi, P., & Tabaeeian, R. A. (2021). Memorable experience, tourist-destination identification and destination love. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 7(3), 799–817. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijtc-09-2020-0176
Simon, N., Saikim, F. H., Bagul, A. H. B. P., & Aziz, N. a. A. (2020). Tourist Satisfaction towards Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Using Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) As a Tool to Determine Urban Ecotourism Potential. Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC), 17. https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v17i.2661
Stratton, G. (2018). 7th international society for physical activity and health congress. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(1), 1–249. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0535
Talib, H., Mereng, T. A., & Chan, J. K. L. (2023). Tourist satisfaction dimension in Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia. Borneo Science. Journal of Science and Technology, 41(2). https://doi.org/10.51200/bsj.v41i2.4450
Talib, H., Chan, J. K. L., & Mereng, T. A. (2014). Sustaining tourist satisfaction on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah. SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 01024. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201024
Tan, W., & Wu, C. (2016). An investigation of the relationships among destination familiarity, destination image and future visit intention. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 5(3), 214–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.12.008
Tangit, T. M., Hasim, A. K. M., & Adanan, A. (2014). Rural tourism at its peak: Socio-cultural impacts towards host communities of Kinabalu Park, Sabah (Malaysian-Borneo). SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 01097. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201097
Tzavlopoulos, Ι., Gotzamani, K., Andronikidis, A., & Vassiliadis, C. A. (2019). Determining the impact of e-commerce quality on customers’ perceived risk, satisfaction, value and loyalty. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 11(4), 576–587. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-03-2019-0047
UNESCO World Heritage Convention. (2022). Kinabalu Park. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved January 21, 2023, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1012
Utheim, H. (2021, March 4). How to understand and create memorable experiences. Travelopment - Knowledge and insights to help you change tourism. Retrieved from https://travelopment.com/how-to-create-memorable-experiences/
Uzir, M. U. H., Halbusi, H. A., Ramayah, T., Lim, R., Aljaberi, M. A., Hasan, N., & Hamid, M. (2021). The effects of service quality, perceived value and trust in home delivery service personnel on customer satisfaction: Evidence from a developing country. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 63, 102721. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102721
Voss, C., Roth, A. V., & Chase, R. B. (2008). Experience, service operations strategy, and services as destinations: Foundations and exploratory investigation. Production and Operations Management, 17(3), 247–266. https://doi.org/10.3401/poms.1080.0030
Wang, H., & Yan, J. (2022). Effects of social media tourism information quality on destination travel intention: Mediation effect of self-congruity and trust. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1049149
Wendt, A., & Shapiro, I. (2022). Realist social theory. London: England.
Xiang, K., Xu, C., & Wang, J. (2021). Understanding the relationship between tourists’ consumption behavior and their consumption substitution willingness under unusual environment. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 483–500. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s303239
Xu, F., Niu, W., Li, S., & Bai, Y. (2020). The mechanism of Word-of-Mouth for tourist destinations in crisis. SAGE Open, 10(2), 215824402091949. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020919491
Yin, X., Wang, H., Xia, Q., & Gu, Q. (2019). How social interaction affects purchase intention in Social Commerce: A Cultural Perspective. Sustainability, 11(8), 2423. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082423
Yousaf, A., Mishra, A. & Bashir, M. (2020) Brand trust, institutional commitment, and their impact on student loyalty: evidence for higher education in India. Studies in Higher Education, 45(4), 878-891. https://doi.org/10.3401/poms.1260.1137
Zeng, L., Li, R. Y. M., & Huang, X. (2021). Sustainable mountain-based health and wellness tourist destinations: The interrelationships between tourists’ satisfaction, behavioral intentions, and competitiveness. Sustainability, 13(23), 13314. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313314
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
All submissions must be original and have not been previously accepted for publication in or be under review at another journal. Contributors infringing any existing copyright law will indemnify the publisher. For ease of dissemination and to ensure proper policing of use, all accepted manuscripts and contributions become the legal copyright of the publisher unless otherwise agreed.