Optimistik, Kecekapan Kendiri Umum dan Afek Positif Sebagai Peramal Kebahagiaan Remaja Miskin
Keywords:
kebahagian, optimistik, kecekapan kendiri umum, afek positif, remaja miskinAbstract
Kebahagiaan merupakan salah satu fokus yang ditekankan dalam bidang psikologi positif dan menjadi nilai utama setiap individu. Optimistik, kecekapan kendiri umum dan afek positif adalah konstruk kekuatan dalaman positif yang boleh meningkatkan kebahagiaan. Hidup dalam kemiskinan pula menjadi faktor yang boleh menjejaskan kebahagiaan. Kajian ini dijalankan ke atas remaja miskin bertujuan untuk meneroka kebahagiaan melalui konstruk kekuatan dalaman, iaitu optimistik, kecekapan kendiri umum (inisiasi, usaha dan kegigihan) dan afek positif. Kajian berbentuk kuantitatif dijalankan ke atas 436 remaja miskin di Sabah di bawah pendapatan keluarga RM1,170 sebulan mengikut Paras Garis Kemiskinan Negeri Sabah. Alat kajian digunakan adalah Extended Life Orientation Test (ELOT) untuk mengukur optimistik, General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) mengukur kecekapan kendiri umum, Positive Affective and Negative Scale (PANAS) mengukur afek positif dan Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) mengukur kebahagiaan. Analisis yang digunakan adalah teknik regresi mudah bagi mengkaji pengaruh menggunakan IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahawa optimistik dan afek positif berkorelasi secara signifikan dan meramal kebahagiaan. Kecekapan kendiri umum didapati meramal kebahagiaan melalui dimensi inisiasi dan usaha, manakala dimensi kegigihan tidak berkorelasi secara signifikan. Hasil mendapati afek positif lebih meramal kebahagiaan remaja miskin dan diikuti dengan optimistik. Kecekapan kendiri umum (inisiasi dan usaha) meramal secara lemah kebahagiaan remaja miskin. Implikasi kajian ini adalah ke atas remaja miskin untuk mengetahui kekuatan dalaman diri positif boleh meningkatkan kebahagiaan walaupun hidup dalam kemiskinan.
References
Anderson, N. B., & Armstead, C. A. (1995). Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: A new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 213–225.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Bartram, D. (2011) Economic Migration and Happiness: Comparing Immigrants’ and Natives’ Happiness Gains from Income. Social Indicators Research, 103(1), 57–76.
Bryant, F. B., Chadwick, E. D., & Kluwe, K. (2011). Understanding the processes that regulate positive emotional experience: Unsolved problems and future directions for theory and research on savoring. International Journal of Wellbeing, 1, 107–126 .
Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., Berntson, G. G. (1999). The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 839–855.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Carver, C. S. (2003). Pleasure as a sign you can attend to something else: Placing positive feelings within a general model of affect. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 241–261.
Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679–704.
Chang, E. C., Maydeu-Olivares, A., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (1997). Optimism and pessimism as partially independent constructs: Relationship to positive and negative affectivity and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 433–440.
Chaplin, N. N. (2009). Please may I have a bike? Better yet, may I have a hug?: An examination of children’s and adolescent’s happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 541–562.
Dashiff, C., Dimicco, W., Myers, B., & Sheppard, K. (2009). Poverty and adolescent mental health. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 22, 23–32.
Davidson, R. J. (2004). What does the prefrontal cortex “do” in affect: perspectives on frontal EEG asymmetry research. Biological Psychology, 67(1-2), 219–233.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin 95, 542–575.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.
Diener, E., & Ryan, K. (2009). Subjective well-being: A general overview. South African Journal of Psychology, 39, 391–406.
Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011) Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1–43.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300–319.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226.
Hall, G. S. (1904). Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education (2 vol.). New York: Appleton.
Hamill, S. K. (2003). Resilience and self-efficacy: The importance of efficacy beliefs and coping mechanisms in resilient adolescents. Colgate University Journal of the Sciences, 35, 115–146.
Harper, C., R., Marcus, & K., Moore. 2003. Enduring Poverty and the Conditions of Childhood: Lifecourse and Intergenerational Poverty Transmissions. World Development, 31(3), 535–554.
Haslina Muhamad & Jas Laile Jaafar (2009). The relationship of personality to subjective well-being in Malaysian youths. International Psychology Bulletin, 13(1), 10–15.
Henderson, L. W., & Knight, T. (2012). Integrating the hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives to more comprehensively understand wellbeing and pathways to wellbeing. International journal of Wellbeing 2(3), 196–221.
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1073–1082.
Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., & Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well being. Personality and individual Differences, 48, 658–666.
Huston, A. C., McLoyd, V. C., & Garcia Coll, C. (1994). Children and poverty: Issues in contemporary research. Child Development, 65, 275–282.
İkiz, E., & Telef, B. B. (2013). The effects of socioeconomic status and gender besides the predictive effect of self-efficacy on life satisfaction in adolescence. International Journal of Social Science, 6(3), 1201–1216.
Isen, A. M., & Daubman, K. A. (1984). The influence of affect on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1206–1217.
Karaca, S., Karakoc, A., Bingol, F., Eren, N., & Andsoy, I. I. (2016). Comparison of Subjective Wellbeing and Positive Future Expectations in Between Working and Nonworking Adolescents in Turkey. Iran Red Crescent Med, 18(2).
Kerpelman, J. L., & Mosher, L. S. (2004). Rural African American adolescents’ future orientation: The importance of self-efficacy, control and responsibility, and identity development. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 4(2), 187–208.
Kingdon, G., & J. Knight. (2006). The measurement of unemployment when unemployment is high. Labour Economics, 13(3), 291–315.
Kirkland, T. (2015). Relationships Between Positive and Negative Affect in Happiness and Hypomania Risk. Master Dissertation. The Ohio State University.
Lasch, C. (1978). The culture of narcissism: American life in an age of diminishing expectations. New York: Norton.
Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. J., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor. The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 518–530.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Ross, L. (1999). Changes in attractiveness of elected, rejected, and precluded alternatives: A comparison of happy and unhappy individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 988–1007.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2002). Happiness is a Good Thing: A Theory of the Benefits of Positive Affect. Unpublished paper, University of California at Riverside.
Magaletta, P. R., & Oliver, J. M. (1999). The hope construct, will and ways: Their relations with self-efficacy, optimism, and general well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(5), 539–551.
Noraini Ismail, Laily Paim, Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah, & Mohd Daud Awang (2015). The Structural Model of Economic Hardship and Subjective Well-Being Among Vulnerable People. Journal of Techno Social, 7(12), 53–72.
Nurmi, J., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2002). Goal construction, reconstruction and depressive symptoms in a life-span context: The transition from school to work. Journal of Personality, 70, 385–420.
O'Higgins, S., Sixsmith, J., & Gabhainn, S. N. (2010). Adolescents' perceptions of the words “health” and “happy”. Health Education,110(5), 367–381.
Peterson, C. (2006). The Values in Action (VIA) Classification of Strengths. In Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. S, A Life Worth Living: Contributions to Positive Psychology. New York: Oxford.
Pradhan, M., & Ravallion, M. (2000). Measuring poverty using qualitative perceptions of consumption adequacy. Review of Economics and Statistics, 82, 462–471.
Robbins M., Francis, L. J., & Edwards, B. (2010). Happiness as stable extraversion: internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among undergraduate students. Current Psychology, 29(2), 89–94.
Rojas. C. (2008). Price Competition in U.S. Brewing. Journal of Industrial Economics, 56, 1–31.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). To be happy or to be self-fulfilled: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. In S. Fiske (Ed.), Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 52; 141-166). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews/ Inc.
Santrock, J. W. (2014). Essentials of life-span development. US: McGraw Hill.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 16, 201–228.
Schweizer, K., Beck-Seyffer, A., & Schneider, R. (1999). Cognitive bias of optimism and its influence on psychological well-being. Psychological Report, 84, 627–636.
Segerstrom, S. C., & Sephton, S. E. (2010). Optimistic expectancies and cell-mediated immunity: The role of positive affect. Psychological Science, 21, 448–455.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness. New York: Free Press.
Sharma, N., & Gulati, J. K. (2014). Self-esteem & Social Support as predictors of Happiness among adolescents living in Socio-economics Hardship. Asian Journal of Home Science, 9(2), 402–408.
Shore, B. (1996). Culture in mind: Cognition, culture, and the problem of meaning. New York: Oxford University Press.
Singh N., & Mishra R. K. (2012). Does language proficiency modulate oculomotor control? Evidence from Hindi–English bilinguals. Biling. Lang. Cogn. 15, 771–781.
Solberg Nes, L., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2006). Dispositional optimism and coping: A meta- analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 235−251.
Tamir, M. (2009). Differential preferences for happiness: Extraversion and trait-consistent emotion regulation. Journal of Personality, 77, 448–470.
Thatcher, D. L, & Clark, D. B. (2008). Adolescents at risk for substance use disorders Alcohol. Research & Health, 31(2), 168–176.
Türküm, A. S. (2005). Do optimism, social network rich-ness and submissive behaviors predict well-being? Study with a Turkish sample. Social Behavior and Personality, 33(6), 619-628.
Vansteenkiste, M., Duriez, B., Simons, J., & Soenens, B. (2006). Materialistic values and well-being among business students: Further evidence of their detrimental effect. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(12), 2892–2908.
Veenhoven, R. (2008). Healthy happiness: Effects of happiness on physical health and the consequences for preventive health care. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 449–464.
Wagmiller, R. L., & Adelman, R. M. (2009). Childhood and intergenerational poverty: The long-term consequences of growing up poor. New York City: National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Total Views: 10
| 
Total Downloads: 7
