MEKANISME KAWALAN RISIKO SYARIAH TERHADAP ISU DUAL-AGENCY DALAM PRODUK DEPOSIT BERASASKAN TAWARRUQ DALAM PERBANKAN ISLAM MALAYSIA

Abstract

Tawarruq al-munaẓẓam is one of the sharia contracts that is often used as the underlying contract in Islamic banking products worldwide. Especially in Malaysia, MPS BNM allows this contract to be applied in Islamic banking products with specific conditions. As a result, until now this contract has received good response in the supply of Islamic banking products, especially term deposit products (term deposit). In addition to its extensive offerings, there are several Shariah issues that arise such as the practice of wakālah. Malaysian Islamic Bank practices a dual-agency, which represents the customer in the purchase and resale of commodities. This practice is alleged to contain elements of conflict of interest by some Shariah scholars. Interestingly, although this practice is adopted by the BNM MPS, there are specific controls applied by Islamic banking in an effort to avoid criticism. Accordingly, this study will identify Shariah issues related to wakālah practiced, further analyze the risk control of Shariah issues applied in Malaysian Islamic banking. To achieve these objectives, researchers use library and field studies (interviews) to collect data. Qualitative data from the literature study were analyzed using content analysis method while interview data were analyzed using thematic method. The results of the study found that there are certain risk control mechanisms practiced in the institutions of Bank 1 and Bank 2, in line with the guidelines provided by BNM through the Tawarruq Document Policy.

Abstrak

Tawarruq al-munaẓẓam merupakan salah satu kontrak syariah yang sering digunakan sebagai kontrak pendasar dalam produk perbankan Islam di seluruh dunia. Khususnya di Malaysia, MPS BNM membenarkan kontrak ini diguna pakai dalam produk perbankan Islam dengan syarat-syarat yang khusus. Kesannya, sehingga kini kontrak ini menerima sambutan yang baik dalam penawaran produk perbankan Islam, terutama produk deposit berjangka (term deposit). Di samping penawarannya yang meluas, terdapat beberapa isu syariah yang berbangkit umpamanya amalan wakālah. Perbankan Islam Malaysia mengamalkan dual-agency, iaitu mewakili pihak pelanggan dalam urusan transaksi belian dan jualan semula komoditi. Amalan ini didakwa mengandungi unsur konflik kepetingan oleh sebahagian cendekiawan syariah. Menariknya, meskipun amalan ini diterima pakai oleh MPS BNM, terdapat kawalan khusus yang diaplikasi oleh pihak perbankan Islam sebagai usaha menghindar kritikan yang dilontarkan. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini akan mengenalpasti isu-isu syariah berkaitan wakālah yang diamalkan, seterusnya menganalisis kawalan risiko isu syariah yang diaplikasi di perbankan Islam Malaysia. Bagi mencapai objektif tersebut, pengkaji menggunakan kajian kepustakaan dan lapangan (temubual) bagi mengumpulkan data. Data kualitatif daripada kajian kepustakaan dianalisis menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan manakala data temu bual dianalisis dengan menggunakan kaedah tematik. Hasil kajian mendapati terdapat mekanisme kawalan risiko tertentu diamalkan di institusi Bank 1 dan Bank 2, selari dengan garis panduan yang diperuntukkan BNM menerusi Polisi Dokumen Tawarruq.