STAYING ENGAGED : A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF THE PURSUITS AND DESIRED OF SENIOR CITIZENS AFTER RETIREMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51200/sapj.v12i2.5013Keywords:
Retired elderly, Activities, Longings, COVID-19, AgeingAbstract
Retirement, often seen as a peaceful stage of life, depends on how retirees utilize their time meaningfully. This study explores the activities and desires of retirees in Kuching, Sarawak, through 8 semi-structured interviews with Chinese respondents aged 65 to 86. Social engagements emerged as predominant, but the COVID-19 pandemic reshaped their pursuits. Despite economic activities, monetary gain isn't a top priority; instead, retirees find satisfaction in artistic and cultural endeavors, prompting further inquiry. Our study also uncovers retirees' longings, revealing a desire for external support driven by empathy and a yearning for cultural experiences, indicating a desire to preserve cultural heritage. These findings lay a foundation for tailored activities for retirees and merit further investigation.
References
Adams, K. B., Leibbrandt, S., & Moon, H. H. (2011). A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life. Ageing and Society, 31(4), 683–712. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X10001091
Amorim, S. M., & França, L. H. (2019). Reasons for Retirement and Retirement Satisfaction. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 35. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e3558
Bauer, A. B., & Eichenberger, R. (2021). Worsening workers’ health by lowering retirement age: The malign consequences of a benign reform. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 18, 100296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2020.100296
Beadle, J. N., & de la Vega, C. E. (2019). Impact of Aging on Empathy: Review of Psychological and Neural Mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00331
Bekhet, A. K., & Zauszniewski, J. A. (2012). Mental Health of Elders in Retirement Communities: Is Loneliness a Key Factor? Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 26(3), 214–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2011.09.007
Benjamins, M. R. (2004). Religion and Functional Health Among the Elderly. Journal of Aging and Health, 16(3), 355–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264304264204
Bertoni, M., Brunello, G., & Mazzarella, G. (2018). Does postponing minimum retirement age improve healthy behaviors before retirement? Evidence from middle-aged Italian workers. Journal of Health Economics, 58, 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.02.011
Brajša-Žganec, A., Merkaš, M., & Šverko, I. (2011). Quality of Life and Leisure Activities: How do Leisure Activities Contribute to Subjective Well-Being? Social Indicators Research, 102(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9724-2
Bruggencate, T. T., Luijkx, K. G., & Sturm, J. (2018). Social needs of older people: a systematic literature review. Ageing and Society, 38(9), 1745–1770. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X17000150
Canvin, K., MacLeod, C. A., Windle, G., & Sacker, A. (2018). Seeking assistance in later life: how do older people evaluate their need for assistance? Age and Ageing, 47(3), 466–473. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afx189
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, June 3). How much physical activity do older adults need?
https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/older_adults/index.htm
Chandra, S. H. (2021, November 11). Keeping senior citizens active. New Sarawak Tribune. https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/keeping-senior-citizens-active/
Chee-Beng, T. (1997). Chinese Identities in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Social Science, 25(2), 103–116. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24492399
Conroy, R. M., Golden, J., Jeffares, I., O’Neill, D., & McGee, H. (2010). Boredom-proneness, loneliness, social engagement and depression and their association with cognitive function in older people: A population study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 15(4), 463–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2010.487103
Denton, M., Ploeg, J., Tindale, J., Hutchison, B., Brazil, K., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Quinlan, M., Lillie, J., Plenderleith, J. M., & Boos, L. (2008). Where Would You Turn for Help? Older Adults’ Awareness of Community Support Services. Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement, 27(4), 359–370. https://doi.org/10.3138/cja.27.4.359
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2020). Household Income and Basic Amenities Survey Report By State and Administrative District: Sarawak 2019.
Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal. (2021, August 20). Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=bjRlZXVGdnBueDJKY1BPWEFPRlhIdz09
Dworkin, S. L. (2012). Sample Size Policy for Qualitative Studies Using In-Depth Interviews. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(6), 1319–1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0016-6
Egerer, M., Lin, B., Kingsley, J., Marsh, P., Diekmann, L., & Ossola, A. (2022). Gardening can relieve human stress and boost nature connection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 68, 127483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127483
Ejechi, E. O. (2015). Social Activities of Retired Nigerian Academics: The Applicability of the Continuity Theory. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 39(1), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2014.966544
Ekerdt, D., & Koss, C. (2016). The task of time in retirement. Ageing & Society, 36(6), 1295-1311. doi:10.1017/S0144686X15000367
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and Society (2nd ed.). Norton.
Etikan, I. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Evans, D. A., Funkeinstein, H. H., Albert, M. S., Scherr, P. A., Cook, N. R., Chown, M. J., Hebert, L. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Taylor, J. O. (1989). Prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease in a Community Population of Older Persons. JAMA, 262(18), 2551–2556. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430180093036
Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Cadar, D. (2018). Cultural engagement and cognitive reserve: museum attendance and dementia incidence over a 10-year period. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 213(5), 661–663. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.129
Giné-Garriga, M., Jerez-Roig, J., Coll-Planas, L., Skelton, D. A., Inzitari, M., Booth, J., & Souza, D. L. B. (2021). Is loneliness a predictor of the modern geriatric giants? Analysis from the survey of health, ageing, and retirement in Europe. Maturitas, 144, 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.11.010
Gupta, S. (2018). Impact of volunteering on cognitive decline of the elderly. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 12, 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2018.01.002
Hanisch, K. A. (1994). Reasons People Retire and Their Relations to Attitudinal and Behavioral Correlates in Retirement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1023
Haski-Leventhal, D. (2009). Elderly Volunteering and Well-Being: A Cross-European Comparison Based on SHARE Data. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 20(4), 388–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-009-9096-x
Hunter, E. G. (2008). Beyond Death: Inheriting the Past and Giving to the Future, Transmitting the Legacy of One’s Self. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 56(4), 313–329. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.56.4.a
Ibrahim, M. (2012). Thematic analysis: a critical review of its process and evaluation. In West East Journal of Social Sciences-December, 1(1).
Klusmann, V., Evers, A., Schwarzer, R., & Heuser, I. (2012). Views on aging and emotional benefits of physical activity: Effects of an exercise intervention in older women. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(2), 236–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.11.001
Koponen, T., Löyttyniemi, E., Arve, S., Honkasalo, M.-L., & Rautava, P. (2022). Experienced Quality of Life and Cultural Activities in Elderly Care. Ageing International. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-022-09483-9
Kristensen, M. M., Simonsen, P., Mørch, K. K. S., Pihl, M. L., Rod, M. H., & Folker, A. P. (2023). “It’s not that I don’t have things to do. It just all revolves around me” - men’s reflections on meaning in life in the transition to retirement in Denmark. Journal of Aging Studies, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2023.101112
Lim, K. Y., Chung, Y. K., Kim, H. C., & Hong, C. H. (2009). P.5.e.003 Effects of physical, mental, social activity and health concern on cognition in the elderly. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, S632–S633. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-977X(09)71017-X
Longhurst, R. (2009). Interviews: In-Depth, Semi-Structured. In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 580–584). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044910-4.00458-2
Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a Thematic Analysis: A Practical, Step-by-Step Guide for Learning and Teaching Scholars. (Issue 3). http://ojs.aishe.org/index.php/aishe-j/article/view/335
Mahmoud, M. M., Abdel-Fadeel, N. A. M., Hassan, M. A., Taha, M., Elsherbiny, A. M., Saad Eldin, A. M., & Khafagy, A. T. (2016). Geriatric depression. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 23(2), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.XME.0000481455.09653.af
Malone, J., & Dadswell, A. (2018). The Role of Religion, Spirituality and/or Belief in Positive Ageing for Older Adults. Geriatrics, 3(2), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics3020028
Martins Van Jaarsveld, G. (2020). The Effects of COVID-19 Among the Elderly Population: A Case for Closing the Digital Divide. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.577427
Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and personality, 3rd ed. In Motivation and personality, 3rd ed. Harper & Row Publishers.
Matarasso, F. (2017). Use or Ornament? The social impact of participation in the arts. https://www.artshealthresources.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/1997-Matarasso-Use-or-Ornament-The-Social-Impact-of-Participation-in-the-Arts-1.pdf
McAvoy, L. H. (1979). The Leisure Preferences, Problems, and Needs of the Elderly. Journal of Leisure Research, 11(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1979.11969374
Minimum Retirement Age Act 2012, Pub. L. No. Act 753 (2016). https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/91569/106250/F-712164587/MYS91569%202016.pdf
Mulat, N., Gutema, H., & Wassie, G. T. (2021). Prevalence of depression and associated factors among elderly people in Womberma District, north-west, Ethiopia. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03145-x
National Institute of Mental Health. (2022, June). Suicide. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide
Oliveira, A. L. B. de, & Menezes, T. M. de O. (2018). The meaning of religion/religiosity for the elderly. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 71(suppl 2), 770–776. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0120
Oloo, M. O., Wangui, A. M., Kweyu, I., & Vurigwa, E. (2018). Meaning of Physical Activities for the Elderly: A Review. American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 6(3), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajssm-6-3-3
Park, S.-A., Lee, A.-Y., Son, K.-C., Lee, W.-L., & Kim, D.-S. (2016). Gardening Intervention for Physical and Psychological Health Benefits in Elderly Women at Community Centers. HortTechnology, 26(4), 474–483.
https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.26.4.474
Pilania, M., Yadav, V., Bairwa, M., Behera, P., Gupta, S. D., Khurana, H., Mohan, V., Baniya, G., & Poongothai, S. (2019). Prevalence of depression among the elderly (60 years and above) population in India, 1997–2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 832. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7136-z
Poey, J. L., Burr, J. A., & Roberts, J. S. (2017). Social Connectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Dementia: Does the Social Environment Moderate the Relationship Between Genetic Risk and Cognitive Well-Being? The Gerontologist, 57(6), 1031–1040. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw154
Ramia, I., & Voicu, M. (2022). Life Satisfaction and Happiness Among Older Europeans: The Role of Active Ageing. Social Indicators Research, 160(2–3), 667–687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02424-6
Reeuwijk, K. G., de Wind, A., Westerman, M. J., Ybema, J. F., van der Beek, A. J., & Geuskens, G. A. (2013). ‘All those things together made me retire’: qualitative study on early retirement among Dutch employees. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 516. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-516
Rolland, Y., Abellan van Kan, G., & Vellas, B. (2008). Physical Activity and Alzheimer’s Disease: From Prevention to Therapeutic Perspectives. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 9(6), 390–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2008.02.007
San Román-Mata, S., Puertas-Molero, P., Ubago-Jiménez, J. L., & González-Valero, G. (2020). Benefits of Physical Activity and Its Associations with Resilience, Emotional Intelligence, and Psychological Distress in University Students from Southern Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124474
Sewdas, R., de Wind, A., van der Zwaan, L. G. L., van der Borg, W. E., Steenbeek, R., van der Beek, A. J., & Boot, C. R. L. (2017). Why older workers work beyond the retirement age: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 672. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4675-z
Shai, O. (2018). Is retirement good for men’s health? Evidence using a change in the retirement age in Israel. Journal of Health Economics, 57, 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.10.008
Singh, S., & Bajorek, B. (2014). Defining “elderly” in clinical practice guidelines for pharmacotherapy. Pharmacy Practice (Internet), 12(4), 1886-3655. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1886-36552014000400007
Soumerai, S. B., & Avorn, J. (1983). Perceived Health, Life Satisfaction, and Activity in Urban Elderly: a Controlled Study of the Impact of Part-time Work. Journal of Gerontology, 38(3), 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/38.3.356
Thaithatkul, P., Chalermpong, S., Laosinwattana, W., & Kato, H. (2022). Mobility, Activities, and happiness in old Age: Case of the elderly in Bangkok. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(2), 1462–1471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.05.010
The Official Portal of Sarawak Government. (2020). Sarawak Population. https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/
Tomaz, S. A., Coffee, P., Ryde, G. C., Swales, B., Neely, K. C., Connelly, J., Kirkland, A., McCabe, L., Watchman, K., Andreis, F., Martin, J. G., Pina, I., & Whittaker, A. C. (2021). Loneliness, Wellbeing, and Social Activity in Scottish Older Adults Resulting from Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4517. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094517
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. In Work and motivation. Wiley.
World Health Organization (2021, July 6). Crude suicide rates (per 100 000 population). https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mental-health/suicide-rates
Yang, X., & Yin, D. (2022). The Protective Effect of Caring for Grandchildren on the Mental Health of the Elderly: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031255
Yung, E. H. K., Conejos, S., & Chan, E. W. H. (2016). Social needs of the elderly and active aging in public open spaces in urban renewal. Cities, 52, 114-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.022