EXPLORING WORKPLACE BULLYING IN MALAYSIA: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ANALYSIS OF THE MALAYSIAN VERSION OF THE NEGATIVE ACTS QUESTIONNAIRE REVISED (NAQ-R)
Keywords:
Workplace Bullying, NAQ-R, Malaysia, Psychometric Properties, Cross-CulturalAbstract
This is a preliminary study exploring the nature of bullying in the Malaysia workplace. Additionally, it analyses the psychometric properties of the Malaysian translation of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R). The sample comprised of 252 (response rate: 50.4%) employees from private and public sectors. Exploratory factor analysis indicated three components explaining 67.5% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the fit indices for the modified version of Model 4, derived from the current study, showing a slightly improved model fit; 2.6, 0.87, 0.84, 0.94 and 0.08 for χ² /DF, GFI, AGFI, CFI and RMSEA. Reliability analysis showed excellent internal consistency of the scale (Cronbach’s alpha=0.96). There were significant correlations between the NAQ-R with organizational and health measures. Twenty-one percent of employees were classified as targets of workplace bullying, which was above the international prevalence (8-15%). The importance of job level and the type of contract in the bullying process were emphasized.
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