Spatial distribution and visitor satisfaction in a low-visitation protection forest in northern Borneo, Malaysia

Abstract

The aim of the study was to examine the spatial distribution, travel distance effects, and visitor satisfaction patterns associated with the Taliwas River Conservation Area (TRCA) in Sabah, Malaysia. Taliwas River Conservation Area (TRCA) was the study area located in Lahad Datu Districts, Sabah, Malaysia. Visitor data from 2011 to 2017 were analyzed by district of origin to assess spatial trends and distance decay using regression analysis. A structured questionnaire was distributed via social media to assess visitor experiences and satisfaction (n = 30). Most visitors originated from nearby districts, especially Lahad Datu (44.8%). Travel distance had a strong inverse effect on visitor number (R² = 0.6752). Visitor feedback indicated high appreciation for natural features (e.g., waterfalls, Pandan Lake), occasional wildlife encounters, and service quality. Cleanliness of facilities and staff friendliness were commonly mentioned as contributing to a positive experience. Spatial proximity is the dominant factor shaping visitor distribution in the TRCA, but demand and group visits from urban institutions can offset distance effects. Visitor experiences centered on natural features, occasional wildlife sightings, and service quality, underscoring key areas for improving low-visitation protected areas.