Drivers and Consequences of International Forced Migration: A Narrative Review

Abstract

International forced migration remains one of the most pressing global challenges, affecting millions of refugees and asylum seekers compelled to flee their homelands due to conflict, persecution, unmet basic needs, or environmental stressors. The humanitarian and policy implications are profound, as host countries must balance limited resources with the responsibility to provide protection and integration opportunities. This narrative review synthesises recent evidence on the drivers and consequences of international forced migration and identifies measures that support adaptation and assimilation. In May 2024, PubMed and Scopus were searched for peer‑reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2024, complemented by Google Search to capture reports, guidelines, and policy documents from reputable international organisations. A Population, Exposure, Outcome (PEO) framework guided the search and synthesis, enabling integration of diverse study designs and contexts. The review identified five primary drivers: political instability and conflict, economic collapse, environmental disasters and climate change, social and cultural breakdown, and human rights abuses. Consequences for migrants include economic hardship, weakened social belonging, health challenges, and threats to human security, while host countries experience both strain and benefit. Adaptation measures, such as simplifying asylum processes, providing humanitarian support, enhancing sociocultural skills, and expanding educational and employment opportunities, were highlighted as essential. The findings underscore the need for governments, NGOs, and international agencies to strengthen asylum systems, embed migrant-inclusive policies, and address under-researched areas, such as climate-related displacement and long-term health outcomes. Future research should adopt mixed‑method and longitudinal designs to provide comprehensive evidence for policy and practice.