Frontal Sinus Anatomy for Human Identification in Forensic Anthropology: A Review

Abstract

The frontal sinus has become a valuable tool in forensic anthropology, offering a unique and resilient marker for human identification. Located within the frontal bone, these paired cavities possess distinct morphological characteristics that remain stable throughout life. Its intracranial location contributes to the preservation of the frontal sinus, making it particularly useful in cases where other skeletal structures are compromised. Despite its documented forensic utility, research on the frontal sinus remains concentrated on specific populations. Since forensic anthropology is inherently population-specific, this variation highlights the importance of developing reference data tailored to underrepresented populations. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the anatomical basis, forensic significance, and applications of the frontal sinus, while emphasizing future directions and the potential of emerging technologies in advancing its role in human identification.