ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID ON THE SURFACE WATERS OF KUALA PERLIS, PERLIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51200/bsj.v44i2.4714Keywords:
Kuala Perlis, total suspended solids, water pollution, spatiotemporal studyAbstract
Rivers are vital water sources for human existence and environmental health.
Due to freshwater scarcity, monitoring river water quality is crucial, especially concerning
total suspended solids (TSS), which pose potential risks to health and the environment.
Despite this importance, there is a lack of assessment of spatiotemporal TSS variation in
Malaysia, particularly in Sungai Kuala Perlis. This study aims to evaluate spatial-temporal
TSS variations in the surface water of Kuala Perlis, Perlis. Sampling points were GPS recorded in December 2021. Five sites were established for morning, afternoon, and
evening sampling. Water samples were collected and subjected to gravimetric analysis using
the American Public Health Assessment (APHA) standard. ANOVA (p=0.05) in SPSS
version 26 found TSS ranges of 110.67 mg/L -177.67 mg/L, 27.67 mg/L – 132 mg/L, and 78
mg/L – 304.67 mg/L for morning, afternoon, and evening, respectively. Surprisingly, no
significant mean TSS differences were found for temporal (p>0.05) or spatial (p>0.05)
variations. Factors influencing TSS variation such as water flow, salinity, and
anthropogenic activities, were discussed. These findings inform researchers, governments,
and NGOs for future planning in Kuala Perlis, promoting river health and eco-friendly
management
References
Al-Badaii, F., Shuhaimi-othman, M., & Gasim, M. B. (2013). Water Quality Assessment of
the Semenyih River, Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of Chemistry, 3216, 112–122.
American Public Health Association, A. (1999). SOLIDS (2540). In Standard Methods For
the Examination of Water and Wastewater (Vol. 51, Issue 3, p. 271). https://doi.org/10.3917/nras.051.0271
Amneera, W. A., Najib, N. W. A. Z., Mohd Yusof, S. R., & Ragunathan, S. (2013). Water
quality index of Perlis River, Malaysia. International Journal of Civil & Environmental
Engineering, 13(2), 1–6.
Azrina, M. Z., Yap, C. K., Rahim Ismail, A., Ismail, A., & Tan, S. G. (2006). Anthropogenic
impacts on the distribution and biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and water
quality of the Langat River, Peninsular Malaysia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental
Safety, 64(3), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.04.003
Bello, A. A. D., & Haniffah, M. R. M. (2021). Modelling the effects of urbanization on
nutrients pollution for prospective management of a tropical watershed: A case study of
Skudai River watershed. Ecological Modelling, 459(January), 109721.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109721
Che Ali, S. N. A., Kamarudzaman, A. N., & Jalil, M. F. A. (2020). Study of water quality
for Sungai Perlis, Perlis during high and low tides. IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, 476(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/476/1/012102
Che Ngah, M. S. Y., Hashim, M., Nayan, N., Said, Z. M., & Ibrahim, M. H. (2012). Marine
pollution trend analysis of tourism beach in peninsular Malaysia. World Applied
Sciences Journal, 17(10), 1238–1245.
Hashim A R, Kamaruddin S A, Abd. Aziz K N, Roslani M A, Ahmad Nasir N A H, Zainol Z E, Shuhaime N, Hamid H A, Mat Nazir E N & Che-Zulkifli C I Department of Environment. (2020). Environmental Quality Report 2020. In Portal Rasmi
Jabatan Alam Sekitar. https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/wpcontent/uploads/formidable/5/Kualiti-Air-Sungai.pdf
Department Of Environment. (2006). Malaysia EQR 2006. 162.
Department of Environment Malaysia. (2017). Malaysian Marine Water Quality Standard
and Index.
Dhungana, P., & Wang, F. (2020). Relationship between seepage water volume and total
suspended solids of landslide dam failure caused by seepage: an experimental
investigation. Geoenvironmental Disasters, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-020-
-6
Fatema, K., W.O, W. M., & Mat Isa, M. (2014). Spatial and Temporal Variation of Physicochemical Parameters in the Merbok Estuary, Kedah, Malaysia. Tropical Life Sciences Research, 25(2), 1–19.
Google Earth. (2022a). Afternoon Sampling Point Location.
https://earth.google.com/web/@6.41153478,100.13809752,5.37462268a,4232.9465590
d,30y,0h,0t,0r/data=MikKJwolCiExZVVEZ19LLXFLTWQ4U3B6ZGNCUFZkWG1
OWUlLOW56ak8gAQ
Google Earth. (2022b). Evening Sampling Point Location.
https://earth.google.com/web/@6.41533733,100.14460788,52.17530886a,3064.703929
d,30y,0h,0t,0r/data=MikKJwolCiExaDBLQ0t0VWpmWm5ndDYzVTBNZDI5cFV
Oc2FYVnNXcUIgAQ
Google Earth. (2022c). Morning Sampling Point Location.
https://earth.google.com/web/@6.41494984,100.14515053,57.02267679a,2727.174242
d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=MikKJwolCiExVy1mdzU5SUZLZGhEbGRMRW0zTjhra3d1Tz
k4cmVybE4gAQ
Håkanson, L. (2006). The relationship between salinity, suspended particulate matter and
water clarity in aquatic systems. Ecological Research, 21(1), 75–90.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-005-0098-x
Hashim, A. R., Kamaruddin, S. A., Abd.Aziz, K. N., Tajam, J., Buyong, F., Abdullah, A. L.,
Azis, T. M. F., & Anscelly, A. (2023). Assessment of the Current Spatial-Temporal
Variations of Salinity on the Surface Waters of Kuala Perlis, Perlis. Science Letters,
(2), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.35631/jthem.728004
Hashim, A. R., Kamaruddin, S. A., Abd.Aziz, K. N., Tajam, J., Buyong, F., Azis, T. M. F.,
& Anscelly, A. (2022). Assessment of the Current Spatial-Temporal Variations of pH
on the Surface Waters of Kuala Perlis, Perlis. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality, and
Environment Management (JTHEM), 7(28), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.35631/JTHEM.728004.This
Hashim, A. R., Kamaruddin, S. A., Abd.Aziz, K. N., Tajam, J., Buyong, F., Che-Zulkifli, C.
I., Abdullah, A. L., Azis, T. M. F., & Anscelly, A. (2023). Assessment of The Current
Spatial-Temporal Variations of Total Dissolved Solids On the Surface Waters of Kuala
Perlis, Perlis. Journal of Academia, 11(1), 47–63.
https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/joa/article/view/20842
Kamaruddin, S. A., Abd. Aziz, K. N., Roslani, M. A., & Zainol, Z. E. (2021). Sustainable
Management of the Coastal Water pH of Pulau Tuba Using the Inverse Distance
Weighted (IDW) Method. Jurnal Intelek, 16(2), 162–174.
https://doi.org/10.24191/ji.v16i2.428
Kamaruddin, S. A., Abd.Aziz, K. N., Roslani, A., Zainol, Z. E., Ahmad, A., Shaari, M. I.,
Nazri, R., & Tajam, J. (2022). The Mapping of Salinity Level Using The Inverse
Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation Method Along The Coastal Area of Pulau
Tuba, Langkawi. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment, 9(1), 55.
https://doi.org/10.24191/myse.v9i1.17292
Kamaruddin, S. A., Abd Aziz, K. N., Roslani, M. A., Tajam, J., Zaınolabdın, S. N., & Mohd
Razman, N. F. A. (2018). Mapping of Salinity Level Using Spline Interpolation
Techniques Over the Water of Sungai Merbok, Kedah. Malaysian Journal of
Sustainable Environment, 5(2), 114. https://doi.org/10.24191/myse.v5i2.5620
Kamaruddin, S. A., Rusli, H. H., Abd.Aziz, K. N., & Roslani, M. A. (2020). Characteristics
and Distribution of Microplastics in Surface Sediment of Selat Pulau Tuba, Langkawi,
Kedah. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment, 7(2), 133.
https://doi.org/10.24191/myse.v7i2.10269
López, N. C., Reguera, F., & Rango, B. J. (2021). Analysis of the Suspended solids transport
in a stream located in the southwest of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina.
Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 21(4), 604–612.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2021.02.003
Mohamed, K. N., See, M., May, Y., & Zainuddin, N. (2015). Water Quality Assessment of
Marine Park Islands in Johor , Malaysia. Bulletin of Environmental Science and
Management, 3(2), 19–27.
Mohd Rizal, N. I., Kamaruddin, S. A., & Nazri, R. (2022). Microplastic Pollution in Marine
Waters : A Malaysian Perspective. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality, and Environment
Management (JTHEM), 7(28), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.35631/JTHEM.728006.This
Othman, F., Alaa Eldin, M. E., & Mohamed, I. (2012). Trend analysis of a tropical urban
river water quality in Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 14(12), 3164–
https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30676j
Paudel, B., Montagna, P. A., & Adams, L. (2019). The relationship between suspended
solids and nutrients with variable hydrologic flow regimes. Regional Studies in Marine
Science, 29, 100657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100657
Rossi, L., Fankhauser, R., & Chèvre, N. (2006). Water quality criteria for total suspended
solids (TSS) in urban wet-weather discharges. Water Science and Technology, 54(6–7),
–362. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.623
Sa’ad, F. N. A., Tahir, M. S., Jemily, N. H. B., Ahmad, A., & Amin, A. R. M. (2021).
Monitoring total suspended sediment concentration in spatiotemporal domain over
teluk lipat utilizing landsat 8 (Oli). Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(15).
https://doi.org/10.3390/app11157082
Samsudin, M. S., Juahir, H., Zain, S. M., & Adnan, N. H. (2011). Surface River Water
Quality Interpretation Using Environmetric Techniques : Case Study at Perlis River
Basin , Malaysia. 1(5), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5963/IJEP0105001
Sheldon, F., & Fellows, C. S. (2010). Water quality in two Australian dryland rivers : spatial
and temporal variability and the role of flow. Marine And Freshwater Research, 864–874.
Tengku Ibrahim, T. N. B., Othman, F., Mahmood, N. Z., & Abunama, T. (2021). Seasonal
effects on spatial variations of surface water quality in a tropical river receiving
anthropogenic influences. Sains Malaysiana, 50(3), 571–593.
https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5003-02
tides4fishing.com. (2023). Tide times and charts for Kuala Perlis, Perlis and weather
forecast for fishing in Kuala Perlis in 2021. https://tides4fishing.com/my/perlis/kuala-perlis
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Total Views: 54
| 
Total Downloads: 42
