PROPAGANDA DAN DISINFORMASI: POLITIK PERSEPSI DALAM PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE-14 (PRU-14) MALAYSIA
PROPAGANDA AND DISINFORMATION: POLITICS OF PERCEPTION IN MALAYSIAN's 14TH GENERAL ELECTION (GE-14)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51200/ejk.vi.1648Keywords:
PRU-14, kewartawanan, media sosial, wacana publik, kepentingan publik, GE-14, journalism, social media, public discourse, public interestAbstract
Media memainkan peranan penting membentuk pemikiran pengundi. Media baharu sekali lagi dilihat memainkan peranan penting dalam menetapkan dan membentuk wacana publik pada PRU-14 di Malaysia. Media merupakan sumber maklumat politik yang utama kepada rakyat dalam masyarakat demokratik meskipun berita bukanlah kebenaran mutlak, apatah lagi fakta dan fiksyen sering kali dicampur aduk bagi maksud mencapai agenda tersembunyi. Pada dasarnya, bukan semua orang mempunyai pengalaman sebenar atau langsung dengan kebanyakan isu atau peristiwa yang hangat diperdebatkan sebagai topik yang mempunyai kepentingan publik. Sarjana kewartawanan seperti Tuchman (1978) sering menekankan bagaimana penerbit berita secara sistematik mengkonstruk suatu bentuk realiti yang spesifik dalam proses pemberitaan. Apa yang cuba dimaksudkan oleh beliau „berita merupakan jendela dunia‟ ialah pengetahuan dan kefahaman seseorang lazimnya bergantung kepada laporan media meskipun berita bukan cerminan kepada realiti dunia sebenar. Hal yang sama juga mendorong saintis-saintis politik tampil dengan hujah sesiapa yang mengusai media akan memenangi pilihan raya. Perubahan mediaskap di Malaysia telah menyaksikan publik tidak lagi dikawal oleh media arus perdana, sebaliknya media sosial yang mulai diperkenalkan mulai lewat 1990-an sebagai suara alternatif kepada rakyat. Perubahan drastik mulai berlaku dengan pengenalan telefon pintar dan media sosial. Isu-isu yang terdahulunya tidak diketahui kini boleh jadi viral dalam sekelip mata. Malangnya, terdapat juga banyak berita palsu yang direka khusus untuk tujuan kempen pilihan raya disebarkan secara berleluasa. Apa yang boleh dilihat pada PRU-14 adalah pelbagai partisan, propaganda, disinformasi dan pragmatisme yang membentuk politik persepsi dalam kalangan rakyat Malaysia.
Abstract
Media plays an important role in shaping the thinking of voters. The new media has once again shown its key role in setting and shaping the public discourse for Malaysian's GE14. The media has always been the predominant source of political information for the citizens in a democratic society, although the news is not the total truth, always a blend between fact and fiction with somehow hidden agendas. Basically, most of the public does not have the real life or first-hand experience with the issues or events that have been hotly debated as public interest topics. Journalism scholars like Tuchman (1978) has continuously emphasized how newsmakers systematically construct or manufacture a specific form of social reality in the process of making the news. What he means by the news is the window of the world is most people's knowledge and understanding will be based on media reports even though the news is not a mirror of reality. The reality brought to us by the news does not necessarily reflect the reality of the real world, and yet most layman will perceive what they saw or read from the media as the whole truth and nothing but the truth. This has also prompted political scientists to suggest that whoever controls the media will win the election. The change of the Malaysian mediascape saw the public is no longer controlled by the mainstream media but instead by social media. Issues that were previously unlikely to be known now can be virally in a blink of an eye. Unfortunately, though, there is also fake news designed specifically for the election campaign. What can be seen in the GE14 is all sorts of partisanship, propaganda, disinformation and pragmatism that contributed to the politics of perception among Malaysians.
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