NAVIGATING THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT BY EVALUATING THE MINIMUM WAGE POLICY ON SABAH'S WORKFORCE

Authors

  • Caroline Geetha
  • Roslinah Mahmud
  • Kok Sook Ching
  • James Alin

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51200/mjbe.v11i1.5633

Keywords:

Minimum wage, Sabah, income inequality, employment, poverty reduction

Abstract

The implementation of the minimum wage policy in Malaysia has yielded significant benefits for low-income workers, notably in reducing poverty and lifting many above the poverty line especially in Sabah. While the policy has faced criticism, its positive effects on the economy are evident through increased consumer spending and overall economic growth. Importantly, in Sabah, the policy did not result in significant adverse effects on employment, as initially feared. Instead, it contributed to higher wages and an improved standard of living for low-income workers in the state. However, the policy's impact has not been uniformly positive across all sectors, with some experiencing challenges that may require a more nuanced approach. Moving forward, a targeted strategy in setting minimum wage rates could be crucial to ensuring the policy's long-term success, balancing the needs of workers with the unique conditions of different industries.

Author Biographies

Caroline Geetha

Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah

 

Roslinah Mahmud

Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah

Kok Sook Ching

Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah

James Alin

Baah-Boateng, William. (January, 2012). Labour Market Discrimination in Ghana: A Gender Dimension, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.

Belser, P., & Sobeck, K. (2012), At what level should countries set their minimum wage?, International Journal of Labour Economics. 

Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. & Mayet, N. (2013). The impact of sectoral minimum wage laws on employment, wages, and hours of work in South Africa. IZA J Labor Develop 2, https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9020-2-1.

Bossavie, Laurent, Erdogan, Aysenur Acar & Makover, Mattia. (February, 2019). The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Firm Destruction, Employment and Informality, Policy Research Working Paper 8749, Social Protection and Job Global Practice, World Bank Group.

Card, David & Krueger, B. Alan. (1995). Time-Series Minimum Wage Studies: A Meta Analysis, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundredth and Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association Washington DC, American Economic Review, 8(2), 238-243.

Cugat, G., & Narita, F. (2020, October 29). How COVID-19 Will Increase Inequality in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from International Monetary Fund: https://blogs.imf.org/2020/10/29/how-covid-19-will-increase- inequality-in-emerging-markets-and-developing-economies/

Emanuel, Natalia & Harrington, Emma. (2020). The Payoffs of higher pay: Elasticities of productivity and labour supply with respective to wages. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nataliaemanuel/files/emanuel_jmp.pdf

Fiszbein, Ariel. (2005). Citizens, Politicians and Providers:  The Latin American Experience with Service Delivery Reforms, World Bank Publication.

Gale, W. G., Kearney, M. S., & Orszag, P. R. (2015, September). Would a significant increase in the top income tax rate substantially alter income inequality? Economic Studies. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/would- top-income-tax-alter-income-inequality.pdf

Gaskell, Adi. (May, 20. 2023). Does Raising the Minimum Wage Results in Job losses in Small Firms?, Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/adigaskell/2023/05/20/does-raising-the- minimum-wage-result-in-job-losses-in-small-firms/?sh=e3636897e1ee

Gindling, T.H. & Terrell, Katherine. (2007). The effects of multiple minimum wages throughout the labor market: The case of Costa Rica, Labour Economics, 14(3), 485-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2006.01.004.

Gindling, T.H. & Terrell, Katherine. (2010). Minimum Wages, Globalization, and Poverty in Honduras, World Development, 38(6), 908-918 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.02.013.

Household Expenditure Survey. (2022). Median and Mean monthly Household consumption expenditure by state, Malaysia from 2016 to 2022, Equity Development Division, Ministry of Economics. https://www.ekonomi.gov.my/en/socio-economic-statistics/household-income- poverty-and-household-expenditure

Imran Ariff. (2021, 27 December). Poor development causing Sabah wealth gap to widen. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/12/27/poor-development- causing-sabah-wealth-gap-to-widen.

Jason Santos. (March 8, 2023). Many Sabah employers still not complying with minimum wage: authorities. https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/87233/many-sabah-employers- still-not-complying-with-minimum-wage-authorities

Jones, P. (1998). "The Impact of Minimum Wage Legislation in Developing Countries,  CSAE Working Paper Series 1998-02, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.

Lemos, Sara. (2009). Minimum wage effects in a developing country, Labour Economics,16(2), 224-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2008.07.003

Maloney, W. & Mendez, J. (2004). Measuring the Impact of Minimum Wages: Evidence from Latin America, NBER Working Paper Series 9800, National Bureau of Economic Research.

Mohd Huda, Mohd Ikbal, Ridzwan, Abdul Rahim, Ridzwan, Mohd & Madan, Marfunizah. (2022). Analysis of Sustainable Development Progress in the State of Sabah, Malaysia. Business and Economic Research. 12. http:// 10.5296/ber.v12i4.20337

Neumark, David. (June 19, 2023). Higher minimum wages and mixed effects on health. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/higher-minimum-wages-and-mixed-effects-health.

Neumark, David & Wascher, William. (2000). Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, The American Economic Review, 90(5), 1362-1396.

Olivia Miwil. (August 21, 2023). Sivakumar: Sabah employers should pay higher salary to retain local workforce. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/08/945655/sivakumar- sabah-employers-should-pay-higher-salary-retain-local-workforce

Osberg, L. (2016, September 28). On the Limitations of Some Current Usages of the Gini Index. The         Review            of         Income            and     Wealth,          63(3),  574-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12256.

Rob Bray, J. (October, 2013). Reflections on the Evolution of the Minimum Wage in Australia: Options for the Future, Social Policy Institute, Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University.

Sabah Economic Development and Investment Authority. (2022). Sabah Development Corridor. https://sedia.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/SEDIA_AR2017-1.pdf

Shee, Siew Yap & Caroline Geetha. (2017). Factors that influence happiness in Sabah. Proceeding International Conference in Economics, 300 to 323.

SMERU (2001). Wage and Employment Effects of Minimum Wage Policy In Indonesian Urban Labour Markets, SMERU Research Institute.

References

Baah-Boateng, William. (January, 2012). Labour Market Discrimination in Ghana: A Gender Dimension, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.

Belser, P., & Sobeck, K. (2012), At what level should countries set their minimum wage?, International Journal of Labour Economics.

Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. & Mayet, N. (2013). The impact of sectoral minimum wage laws on employment, wages, and hours of work in South Africa. IZA J Labor Develop 2, https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9020-2-1.

Bossavie, Laurent, Erdogan, Aysenur Acar & Makover, Mattia. (February, 2019). The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Firm Destruction, Employment and Informality, Policy Research Working Paper 8749, Social Protection and Job Global Practice, World Bank Group.

Card, David & Krueger, B. Alan. (1995). Time-Series Minimum Wage Studies: A Meta Analysis, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundredth and Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association Washington DC, American Economic Review, 8(2), 238-243.

Cugat, G., & Narita, F. (2020, October 29). How COVID-19 Will Increase Inequality in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from International Monetary Fund: https://blogs.imf.org/2020/10/29/how-covid-19-will-increase- inequality-in-emerging-markets-and-developing-economies/.

Emanuel, Natalia & Harrington, Emma. (2020). The Payoffs of higher pay: Elasticities of productivity and labour supply with respective to wages. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nataliaemanuel/files/emanuel_jmp.pdf.

Fiszbein, Ariel. (2005). Citizens, Politicians and Providers: The Latin American Experience with Service Delivery Reforms, World Bank Publication.

Gale, W. G., Kearney, M. S., & Orszag, P. R. (2015, September). Would a significant increase in the top income tax rate substantially alter income inequality? Economic Studies. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/would- top-income-tax-alter-income-inequality.pdf.

Gaskell, Adi. (May, 20. 2023). Does Raising the Minimum Wage Results in Job losses in Small Firms?, Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/adigaskell/2023/05/20/does-raising-the- minimum-wage-result-in-job-losses-in-small-firms/?sh=e3636897e1ee.

Gindling, T.H. & Terrell, Katherine. (2007). The effects of multiple minimum wages throughout the labor market: The case of Costa Rica, Labour Economics, 14(3), 485-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2006.01.004.

Gindling, T.H. & Terrell, Katherine. (2010). Minimum Wages, Globalization, and Poverty in Honduras, World Development, 38(6), 908-918 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.02.013.

Household Expenditure Survey. (2022). Median and Mean monthly Household consumption expenditure by state, Malaysia from 2016 to 2022, Equity Development Division, Ministry of Economics. https://www.ekonomi.gov.my/en/socio-economic-statistics/household-income- poverty-and-household-expenditure.

Imran Ariff. (2021, 27 December). Poor development causing Sabah wealth gap to widen. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/12/27/poor-development- causing-sabah-wealth-gap-to-widen.

Jason Santos. (March 8, 2023). Many Sabah employers still not complying with minimum wage: authorities. https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/87233/many-sabah-employers- still-not-complying-with-minimum-wage-authorities.

Jones, P. (1998). "The Impact of Minimum Wage Legislation in Developing Countries, CSAE Working Paper Series 1998-02, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.

Lemos, Sara. (2009). Minimum wage effects in a developing country, Labour Economics,16(2), 224-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2008.07.003.

Maloney, W. & Mendez, J. (2004). Measuring the Impact of Minimum Wages: Evidence from Latin America, NBER Working Paper Series 9800, National Bureau of Economic Research.

Mohd Huda, Mohd Ikbal, Ridzwan, Abdul Rahim, Ridzwan, Mohd & Madan, Marfunizah. (2022). Analysis of Sustainable Development Progress in the State of Sabah, Malaysia. Business and Economic Research. 12. http:// 10.5296/ber.v12i4.20337.

Neumark, David. (June 19, 2023). Higher minimum wages and mixed effects on health. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/higher-minimum-wages-and-mixed-effects-health.

Neumark, David & Wascher, William. (2000). Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, The American Economic Review, 90(5), 1362-1396.

Olivia Miwil. (August 21, 2023). Sivakumar: Sabah employers should pay higher salary to retain local workforce. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/08/945655/sivakumar- sabah-employers-should-pay-higher-salary-retain-local-workforce.

Osberg, L. (2016, September 28). On the Limitations of Some Current Usages of the Gini Index. The Review of Income and Wealth, 63(3), 574-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12256.

Rob Bray, J. (October, 2013). Reflections on the Evolution of the Minimum Wage in Australia: Options for the Future, Social Policy Institute, Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University.

Sabah Economic Development and Investment Authority. (2022). Sabah Development Corridor. https://sedia.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/SEDIA_AR2017-1.pdf.

Shee, Siew Yap & Caroline Geetha. (2017). Factors that influence happiness in Sabah. Proceeding International Conference in Economics, 300 to 323.

SMERU (2001). Wage and Employment Effects of Minimum Wage Policy In Indonesian Urban Labour Markets, SMERU Research Institute.

Published

2024-09-30 — Updated on 2024-09-30

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How to Cite

Caroline Geetha, Roslinah Mahmud, Kok Sook Ching, & James Alin. (2024). NAVIGATING THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT BY EVALUATING THE MINIMUM WAGE POLICY ON SABAH’S WORKFORCE. Malaysian Journal of Business and Economics (MJBE), 11(1). https://doi.org/10.51200/mjbe.v11i1.5633
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