A Critical Review of Water Filtration Methods in Developing Countries

A Critical Review of Water Filtration Methods

Abstract

Access to clean and safe drinking water remains a critical challenge in various developing countries, where water sources are frequently contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and chemical pollutants such as coliform bacteria, arsenic, and fluoride. These contaminants contribute significantly to the spread of waterborne diseases and related health conditions. This review presents a comparative analysis of household and community-scale water filtration methods, focusing on their applicability, efficiency, and sustainability in low-resource settings. Particular attention is given to sand filters, bio-sand filters, riverbank filtration systems, and various homemade filtration solutions. Emerging low-cost technologies, such as filters composed of plant biomass, zeolite-based media, and silver-impregnated porous clay pots, are examined for their potential to improve water quality with high affordability and sustainability. Further, the article evaluates these methods based on key criteria, including technical feasibility, contaminant removal efficiency, environmental impact, and ease of implementation. The novelty of this review lies in its integrated approach to offer a critical perspective on both conventional and alternative filtration systems within the specific socio-economic and environmental contexts of developing regions. This work contributes valuable insights toward the development of effective, scalable, and community-appropriate water treatment technologies by highlighting both their limitations and opportunities for innovation.