The Impact of Maternal Nutritional Status on Child Malnutrition: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Stunting, underweight, and wasting significantly affect children under five, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Maternal BMI is a key determinant of child nutritional status, as it directly influences fetal growth, breastfeeding quality, and overall maternal health. This systematic review examines the impact of maternal BMI on child stunting and identifies key contributing factors. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web Science Direct, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2000 and 2024. The inclusion criteria were studies on maternal BMI and child stunting in children under five. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment followed the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. Ten studies were reviewed. Findings consistently showed significant associations between maternal BMI and child stunting. Low maternal BMI was linked to nutrient deficiencies and higher risks of stunting. High maternal BMI was associated with metabolic dysregulation and inflammation, also contributing to stunting. Socioeconomic factors like household wealth and maternal education were important determinants. Maternal BMI significantly influences child stunting in LMICs. Integrated nutritional interventions addressing maternal nutrition, socioeconomic factors, and regional disparities are essential to reduce child malnutrition. These findings underscore the need for policy-driven interventions that prioritize maternal nutritional health as a key strategy to improve child growth outcomes and break the cycle of malnutrition. Future research should further explore biological mechanisms linking maternal BMI to child health and develop effective, context-specific interventions.