REPRODUCTIVE AGING AND MENOPAUSAL TRANSITION IN MALAYSIA: PUBLIC HEALTH AND POLICY STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING WOMEN’S QUALITY OF LIFE

Abstract

Reproductive aging and the menopausal transition represent significant public health challenges that affect millions of women globally and in Malaysia. By 2030, more than 1.2 billion women worldwide will be menopausal, yet healthcare systems remain insufficiently prepared to address the health, social, and economic implications. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence (2020-2025) on the epidemiology, challenges, and strategies for improving women’s quality of life during menopause, with a focus on Malaysia. Key findings show that the average age of menopause varies globally, ranging from the 47 years in South Asia to 51 years in high-income countries, with early menopause increasingly reported in low- and middle-income regions. Health consequences include osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and mental health disorders, compounded by social stigma and inadequate workplace and healthcare support. Public health challenges in Malaysia include limited awareness, lack of provider training, and underfunded menopausal services. Strategies to address these issues involve education campaigns, integration of menopause into primary healthcare, workplace accommodations, lifestyle and preventive interventions, and digital health solutions such as mobile applications and telemedicine. International examples, including UK Menopause Taskforce and WHO’s Health Aging framework, provide valuable lessons for Malaysia. However, digital health interventions face challenges related to access, affordability, and data privacy. This review emphasizes the need for culturally sensitive, evidence-based, and policy-driven approaches to strengthen menopausal health services in Malaysia. Future research should evaluate digital health tools, cross-cultural experiences, and long-term health outcomes to guide policy and practice.