The Associated Risk Factors for Perinatal Depression Among Teenage Mothers – A Narrative Review

Abstract

Introduction: This narrative review focuses on the risk factors of depression in perinatal teenage mothers, a significant global health concern with implications for mother and child’s health. Perinatal depression is a common mental health disorder that affects a significant proportion of teenage mothers worldwide. Depending on the area and population under study, research has revealed that the prevalence of perinatal depression in adolescent women can vary from 33.2% to 74.3%. Given these concerns, this narrative review aims to examine the risk factors contributing to PND in perinatal teenage mothers, synthesizing evidence from global studies to inform targeted interventions. Methodology: This narrative review examined studies published in English from 2014 to 2024, sourced from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and ResearchGate. A structured search strategy was applied using Boolean operators (AND/OR) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms to identify studies on risk factors of perinatal depression among adolescent mothers. Studies were screened based on title, abstract, and full text, with inclusion criteria focusing on those addressing specific risk factors for perinatal depression in teenage mothers. The SANRA scale was used to assess study quality, ensuring methodological rigor. Key findings were thematically categorized and synthesized to identify common patterns and gaps in existing literature. Results: This review identifies key factors contributing to perinatal depression among teenage mothers, including socio-demographic, economic, cultural, and trauma-related factors. Low education, single status, and financial hardship were linked to higher depression risk due to limited resources and healthcare access. Stigma, social isolation, and cultural expectations further exacerbated mental health challenges. Additionally, trauma and polyvictimization, such as childhood abuse and partner violence, significantly increased depression risk. These findings highlight the need for holistic interventions addressing social, economic, and psychological determinants. Conclusions: Perinatal depression is a significant concern among adolescent mothers, influenced by multiple social, economic, and psychological risk factors. This review underscores the need for targeted interventions, early screening, and effective mental health support to mitigate its impact. Addressing these gaps through research and policy development is crucial to improving maternal and child health outcomes.