Urban-Rural Disparities in Food Insecurity and Nutritional Health: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Food insecurity affects an estimated 2.33 billion people, with a stark disparity between rural and urban populations. This review synthesizes the distinct drivers and health outcomes of this divide, a comparison made more urgent by recent climate and economic shocks. Rural food insecurity is primarily driven by climate vulnerability and agricultural dependency, often leading to undernutrition. Conversely, urban insecurity stems from market dependency and income instability, promoting a reliance on ultra-processed foods that contributes to rising obesity. This urban-rural dichotomy creates a global triple burden of malnutrition. Addressing this requires moving beyond siloed policies toward an integrated financial and systemic approach. Mobilizing investment to strengthen food supply chains and build resilience is essential for achieving equitable access to nutritious food.