Species Composition and Habitat Characteristics of Orchids (Orchidaceae) in the Summit Plots of Mt. Bilbogan, Davao Oriental, Philippines

Walter Clint  E. BAYANI; Jennifer  G. OPISO

doi:10.51200/jtbc.v23i.7032

Authors

Walter Clint E. BAYANI Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon 8710, the Philippines.
Jennifer G. OPISO 1) Faculty, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, 8710, the Philippines. 2) Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna4031 the Philippines.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v23i.7032

Keywords:

Edaphic condition, host trees, light abundance, microhabitat characteristics, threatened species

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the species composition of orchids found in the summit plots of Mt. Bilbogan, Governor Generoso, Davao Oriental, Philippines, and to characterize their habitat, including host tree identity, growth zones on host tree, light conditions and soil properties. Field sampling and data gathering were done in the two established plots (10 m × 100 m each; total area = 2,000 m²) located at higher elevations, where orchid occurrence was observed to be concentrated.Additional data recorded included the identity of host trees, the position of orchids within host growth zones, light conditions, soil properties, and associated species in the selected study plots. The results showed that 41 orchid taxa from 26 genera were identified, including 26 epiphytic species (63%), 12 terrestrial species (29%), 2 lithophytic species (5%), and 1 hemiepiphytic species (3%). Three critically endangered species— Paphiopedilum adductum, P. ciliolare, and Phalaenopsis sanderiana—were also recorded on the mountain. Syzygium sp., Teijsmanniodendron sp., and Cinnamomum sp., were frequently observed as host trees for epiphytic orchids, particularly at the basal portion (Zone 1) under shaded (calm) conditions. Orchids were also associated with bryophytes, lichens, and liverworts, which may enhance nutrient availability and improve moisture retention. Soils in Mt. Bilbogan were slightly acidic and had low levels of essential macronutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Therefore, orchid distribution in the area appears to be influenced by microhabitat conditions such as host trees, light availability, and substrate characteristics, highlighting the importance of targeted conservation strategies to maintain suitable habitats and safeguard endangered species.

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