JENIS-JENIS SENI KALIGRAFI ARAB SEBAGAI HIASAN DI MASJID-MASJID DAERAH DI SABAH

TYPES OF ARABIC CALLIGRAPHY AS ORNAMENTATION IN REGIONAL MOSQUES IN SABAH

Abstract

Seni kaligrafi Arab atau seni khat adalah khazanah tertua di dunia yang dimiliki oleh umat Islam. Sejarah telah membuktikan perkembangannya seiring dengan perkembangan tamadun Islam yang mempunyai kedudukan tinggi dan mulia berikutan hubung kaitnya dengan ayat al-Quran. Masyarakat Islam di Sabah masih kurang mengetahui jenis-jenis seni kaligrafi Arab yang menghiasi masjid-masjid di negeri ini. Justeru, kajian ini dijalankan bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti jenis-jenis kaligrafi Arab yang menghiasi masjid-masjid daerah di Sabah. Kajian lapangan dijalankan seperti mengunjungi masjid-masjid dan mengambil gambar seni kaligrafi Arab menggunakan kamera yang kemudiannya dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Sebanyak 17 buah masjid daerah yang telah dikaji. Antara jenis-jenis kaligrafi atau khat utama yang dikenal pasti dalam masjid-masjid tersebut ialah Khat Thuluth (94.1 peratus), Khat Nasakh (5.8 peratus), Khat Dīwānī (5.8%) dan Khat Kūfī (5.8 peratus). Selain itu, terdapat juga khat tambahan seperti khat Ruq‘ah/Riq‘ah dan Khat Fārisī. Hasil kajian ini berjaya mencapai objektif yang dinyatakan dan pengetahuan jenis-jenis kaligrafi yang diperoleh dapat memberikan kefahaman yang lebih mendalam kepada masyarakat Islam di Sabah.

Arabic calligraphy or khat is the oldest treasure in the Muslim world. History has proven its development in line with the rise of noble Islamic civilization due to its relationship with the verses of the Quran. However, there is a lack of awareness in the Muslim community of Sabah regarding the types of Arabic calligraphy that adorn the mosques in the state. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of Arabic calligraphy in selected regional mosques in Sabah. Among the field studies that were carried out include observing Arabic calligraphy in the selected mosques and recording them in the form of photographs which were later analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. A total of 17 regional mosques have been observed for the study. Among the main types of Arabic calligraphy or khat identified in these mosques were Khat Thuluth (94.1 per cent), Khat Nasakh (5.8 per cent), Khat Dīwānī (5.8 per cent) and Khat Kūfī (5.8 per cent). Furthermore, there are also additional calligraphy types such as Khat Ruq‘ah/Riq‘ah and Khat Fārisī. The outcome of this study succeeded in achieving the stated objective, hence, the knowledge regarding the types of calligraphy observed can provide a deeper understanding of khat to the Muslim community in Sabah.