THE EFFECTS OF ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS AND EXTRA-ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS ON WORK STRESS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51200/jaaab.v2i0.958Keywords:
organizational factors, extra-organizational factors, work stressAbstract
Work stress has been considered as an important issue relating to workers’ day-to- day activities at the work place. In any profession – doctors, teachers, police officers, lawyers and executives – workers are facing enormous pressure from work demands, which results in stress, and burn out. In this millennium, work stress can be considered as a disease of the century. One shall not escape from stress. There are various factors that contribute to work stress. These stem from both organisational and extra-organisational contexts. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of both organisational and extra-organisational factors on work stress among married female teachers. The study found that the three organisational factors, namely, management and administration, pupil recalcitrance and time demands were significantly correlated with work stress. As for the extra-organisational factors, only the personal problems variable was found significantly correlated with work stress. A number of studies on teacher stress have been commissioned over the past decade by the major teaching unions.
References
Albertson, L. M. and Kagan, D. M. (1987). Occupational stress among teachers. Journal of
Research and Development in Education 21: 69 – 75.
AMMA (1987). Teacher stress: Where do we go from here? London; AMMA.
Bhagat, R. S. (1983). Effects of stressful life events on individual performance effectiveness and
work adjustment processes within organisational settings: A research model. Academy of
Management Review 8: 660 – 671.
Bhagat, R. S. and Chassie, M. B. (1981). Organisational commitment in working women: Some
implications for organisational integration. Journal of Occupational Behaviour 2, 17 – 30.
Boyle, G. J., Borg, M. G., Falzon, J. M. and Baglioni, Jr A. J. (1995). A structural model of the
dimensions of teacher stress. British Journal of Educational Psychology 65: 49 – 67.
Borg, M. G. (1990). Occupational stress in British educational settings: A review. Educational
Psychology 10(2): 103 – 126.
Borg, M. G., Riding, R. J. and Falzon, J. M. (1991). Stress in teaching: A study of occupational
stress and its determinants, job satisfaction and career commitment among primary
school teachers. Educational Psychology 11: 59 – 75.
Brenner, S. O. and Bartell, R. (1984). The teacher stress process: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal
of Occupational Behaviour 5, 183 – 195
Bromet, E. J., Dew, M. A., Parkinson, D. K. and Schulberg, H. C. (1988). Predictive effects of
occupational and marital stress on the mental health of a male workforce. Journal of
Organisational Behaviour 9 (1): 1 – 13.
Brown, M. and Ralph, S. (1992). Towards the identification of stress in teachers. Research in
Education 48: 103 – 110.
Burke, R. J. (1989). Some antecedents and consequences of work-family conflict. In E. B.
Goldsmith (Ed.), Work and family: Theory, research, and applications. Newbury Park,
CA: Sage, 287 – 302.
Cadavid, V. (1986). Locus of control and pupil control ideology as related to the dimensions of
burnout of special education vis-a`-vis regular classroom teachers. Doctoral dissertation,
Southern Illinois University, Southern Illinois, USA.
Campbell, D. J., Campbell, K. M. and Kennard, D. (1994). The effects of family responsibilities
on the work commitment and job performance of non-professional women. Journal of
Occupational and Organisational Psychology 67: 283 – 296.
Chandra, M. (Aug./Sept.1986). Dr. Chandra Muzaffar speaks on…. Guru Malaysia Kesatuan
Perkhidmatan Perguruan Kebangsaan S/Malaysia, No. 4.
Coburn, D. and Jovaisas, A. V. (1975). Perceived sources of stress among first-year medical
students. Journal of Medical Education 50: 589 – 595.
Cooke, R. A. and Rousseau, D. M. (1984). Stress and strain from family roles and work role
expectations. Journal of Applied Psychology 69: 252 – 260.
Cooper, C. L., Kirkcaldy, B. D. and Brown, J. (1994). A model of job stress and physical health:
The role of individual differences. Personality and Individual Differences 16: 653 –
Cooper, C. L. and Marshall, J. (1976). Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature
relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. Journal of Occupational
Psychology 48: 11 – 28.
Davey, G. C. L. (1994). Trait factors and ratings of controllability as predictors of worrying about
significant life stressors. Personality and Individual Differences 16: 379 – 384.
Dohrenwend, B. S. and Dohrenwend, B. P. (1971). Stressful life events, New York; Wiley.
Dua, J. K., (1994). Job stressors and their effects on physical health, emotional health, and job
satisfaction in a university. Journal of Educational Administration 32 (1): 59 – 78.
Dunham, J. (1976). Stress situations and responses. In Stress in schools National Association of
Schoolmasters; Hemel Hempstead.
Dworkin, A. G., Haney, C. A., Dworkin, R. J. and Telschow, R. L. (1990). Stress and illness
behavior among urban public school teachers. Educational Administration Quarterly
: 60 – 72.
Farber, B. A. (1991). Crisis in education. San Francisco, CA; Jossey Bass.
Feitler, F. C. and Tokar, E. B. (1982). Getting a handle on teacher stress: How bad is the problem?
Educational Leadership 39 (6).
Fielding, M. March. (1982). Personality and situational correlates of teacher stress and burnout.
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association,
New York.
Gordon, D. G. (2002). Displine in the music classroom: One component contributing to teacher
stress [Electronic version]. Music Education Research, 4 (1): 157 – 166.
Greenhaus, J. H. and Parasuraman, S. (1987). A work-nonwork interactive perspective of stress
and its consequences. In J. M. Ivancevich and D. C. Ganster (Eds.). Job stress: From
theory to suggestion, New York; Haworth, 37 – 60
Halpin, G., Harris, K. and Halpin, G. (1985). Teacher stress as related to locus of control, sex and
age. Journal of Experimental Education 53 (3): 136 – 140.
Hendrix, W. H. (1989). Job and personal factors related to job stress and risk of developing
coronary artery disease. Psychological Reports 65: 1136 – 1138.
Kasim, A. S. (1990). Hubungan di antara tekanan kerja, kepuasan kerja, dan kecenderungan untuk
berhenti kerja di kalangan guru-guru kurikulum bersepadu sekolah menengah (KBSM).
Master’s thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi
Kyriacou, C. and Sutcliffe, J. (1978). A model of teacher stress. Educational Studies, 4: 1 – 6.
Kyriacou, C. and Sutcliffe, J. (1978). Teacher stress: Prevalence, sources and symptoms. British
Journal of Educational Psychology 48: 159 – 167.
Laughlin, A.,(1984). Teacher stress in an Australian setting: The role of biographical mediators.
Educational Studies 10: 7 – 22.
Marlin, T. R. (1987). Teacher burnout and locus of control, sex, age, marital status, and years of
experience among a group of urban secondary teachers. Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers
University, New Burnswick, N. J.
Matteson, M. T. and Ivancevich, J. M. (1987). Controlling work stress: Effective human resource
and management strategies. CA; Jossey-Bass Publishers.
McLean, A. A. (1979). Work stress, U. S. A.; Addison-Wesley.
McIntyre, T. (1984). The relationship between locus of control and teacher burnout. British
Journal of Educational Psychology 54 (2): 235 – 238.
Meehling, D. A. (1982). An investigation of the effects of personal locus of control, anxiety,
self-esteem and selected demographic variables on teacher stress. Doctoral dissertation,
University of Maryland
Monet, A. and Lazarus, R. S. (Eds). (1977). Stress and coping: An anthology. New York; Columbia
University Press.
Newton, T. J. and Keenan, A. (1990). The moderating effect of the type A behavior pattern and
locus of control upon the relationship between change in job demands and change in
Psychological strain. Human Relations, 43 (12): 1229 – 1255.
NUT (1990). Health and safety: Teachers, stress and schools. London; NUT.
Pahl, J. M. and Pahl, R. E. (1971). Managers and their wives. London; Allen Lane.
Parkes, K. R. (1991). Locus of control and the demand-discretion model of stress. British Journal
of Psychology, 82, 291 – 312.
Payne, R. L. (1988). A longitudinal study of the psychological well-being of unemployed men and
the mediating effect of neuroticism. Human Relations, 4: 119 – 138.
Pleck, J. H. (1977). The work-family role system. Social Problems 24: 417 – 427.
Ramanathan, P. (May, 1987). The challenging role and the increasing workload of the teacher.
Guru Malaysia Kesatuan Perkhidmatan Perguruan Kebangsaan S/Malaysia No.2.
Ray, E. B. and Miller, K. I. (1994). Social support, home/ work stress, and burnout: Who can help?
Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 30 (3): 357 – 373.
Robinson, S. E. and Skarie, E. K. (1986). Professional women: Job role stresses and psychosocial
variables. American Mental Health Counselors Association Journal 8: 157 – 165.
Rogers, R. E. (1977). Components of organisational stress among Canadian managers. Journal of
Psychology 95: 265 – 273.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Psychological Monograph 80 (609).
Rotter, J. B. (1975). Some problems and misconception related to the construct of internal versus
external Control of reinforcement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 43
(1): 56 – 67.
Seyle, H., (1946). The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation. Journal of
Chemical Endocrinology 6: 117 – 230.
Siti, R. M. S. (1982). Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi ketegangan serta kesannya ke atas
guru-guru. Master’s thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
Small, S. A. and Riley, D. (1990). Towards a multinational assessment of work spillover into
family life. Journal of Marriage and the Family 52: 51 – 61.
Soh, K. C. (1986). Locus of control as a moderator of teacher stress in Singapore. The Journal of
Social Psychology 126 (2): 257 – 258.
Solman, R. and Feld, M., (1989). Occupational Stress: Perceptions of Teachers in Catholic
Schools. Journal of Educational Administration 27 (3): 55 – 68.
Spector, P. E. (1982). Behaviour in organisations as a function of employee locus of control.
Psychological Bulletin 91: 482 – 497.
Spector, P. E. (1988). Development of the work locus of control scale. Journal of Occupational
Psychology 61: 335 – 340.
Spector, P. E. and O’Connel, B. J., (1994). The contribution of personality traits, negative
affectivity, locus of control and type A to the subsequent reports of Job stressors and job
strains. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology 67: 1 – 11.
The Star, June 27, 1998.
Staines, G. L. and Pleck, J. H. (1983). The impact of work schedules on the family, Ann Arbor,
University of Michigan.
Stone, J. A. (1982). The relationship between perceived stress and job satisfaction, locus of
control, and length of teaching experience. Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston,
Houston, USA.
Taylor, S. E. (1990). Health psychology: The science and the field. American Psychologist 45 (1):
– 50.
Travers, C. J. and Cooper, C. L. (1996). Teachers under pressure: Stress in the teaching profession,
London; Routledge.
Tuettemann, E. and Punch, K. F. (1992). Psychological distress in secondary teachers: Research
findings and their implications. Journal of Educational Administration 30 (1): 42 – 54.
Vossel, G. and Froehlich, W. D. (1979). Life stress, job tension and subjective reports of task
performance effectiveness. In I.G. Sarason, and C.D. Spielberger. Stress and anxiety Vol.
, Washington, Hemisphere Publishing Corp.
Warr, P. and Wall, T. (1975). Work and well-being, Harmondsworth, Penguin.
Worrall, N. and May, D. (1989). Towards a person-in-situation model of teacher stress. British
Journal of Educational Psychology 59: 174 – 186.
Wilson, D., Mutero, C., Doolabh, A. and Herzstein, M. (1990). Type A behavior and self-reported
stress among Zimbabwean teachers. The Journal of Social Psychology 130: 115 – 116.
Zager, J. (1982). The relationship of personality, situational stress and anxiety, factors to teacher
burnout. Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 © Universiti Malaysia Sabah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Total Views: 376
| 
Total Downloads: 1043
