Aspek Perburuhan dan Permodalan dalam Ekonomi Melayu: Persoalan Dominasi Ekonomi Komuniti Imigran Zaman Permulaan Kapitalisme ~ The Aspects of Labour and Capital in the Malay Economy: The Question of Economic Domination of the Immigrant Community in Early Capitalism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51200/manu.v26i.1065Keywords:
Perburuhan, permodalan, ekonomi Melayu, komuniti imigran, kapitalisme. ~ Labour, capital, Malay economy, immigrant community, capitalism.Abstract
Dalam konteks Malaysia, isu yang sering dikaitkan dengan impak negatif kapitalisme ialah dominasi ekonomi oleh komuniti bukan Melayu yang menyebabkan ekonomi masyarakat Melayu jauh ketinggalan. Pandangan ini dikaitkan dengan legasi penjajahan yang merujuk kepada kedatangan kapitalisme di Tanah Melayu pada pertengahan kedua abad ke-19. Fenomena ini dilihat sebagai fakta penting yang membawa kepada dominasi ekonomi komuniti imigran terutama sekali kaum Cina di Tanah Melayu. Tujuan makalah ini ditulis adalah untuk memaparkan sudut pandang sejarah bahawa dominasi ekonomi oleh komuniti imigran ini bukanlah semata-mata kerana peluang ekonomi yang diberikan kepada mereka oleh pihak pemerintah Kolonial. Malahan, pendekatan yang sama telah dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah Melayu sebelumnya yang banyak memberikan peluang ekonomi kepada komuniti imigran Cina dan Arab dalam bentuk konsesi dan perkongsian modal sehingga mewujudkan apa yang didakwa sebagai ‘dominasi ekonomi’ oleh komuniti imigran. Kejayaan mereka ini sebenarnya disebabkan penglibatan dengan ekonomi berasaskan wang yang dikaitkan dengan merkantalisme yang mendahului zaman kapitalisme. Sebaliknya, ekonomi berasaskan wang dalam kalangan masyarakat Melayu pada era kapitalisme masih marginal. Justeru, masyarakat Melayu masih sulit menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan ekonomi hasil daripada pengamalan sistem ekonomi Kapitalisme.
In the Malaysian context, the issue which usually used to imply the negative view on capitalism is the economic domination of the immigrant communities that resulted in the economic backwardness of the Malays. This view is associated with the colonial legacy in relations to the advent of capitalism in Malaya in the second half of the 19th century. Nevertheless, this article highlights the historical context which shows that the economic domination by the immigrant communities prevails not simply because of the economic opportunities are given to them by the colonial authorities. In fact, the similar approach had also been excercised by the Malay rulers who provided opportunities for the Chinese and Arab immigrant in the forms of concessions and joint ventures. This situation led to what had been claimed as the economic domination by the immigrant communities. Their success was actually contributed by the fact that they were involved in money economy associated with mercantilism that preceded capitalism. In contrast, the orientation of money economy in the Malay society during the period of capitalism was still marginal. Therefore, the Malays were not able to adapt themselves to the economic changes derived from capitalism.
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