PERJANJIAN PENYERAHAN WILAYAH UTARA BORNEO 1865, 1877 DAN 1878: TINJAUAN AWAL TERHADAP PERBANDINGAN INTIPATI PERJANJIAN
North Borneo Territory Surrender Agreements 1865, 1877 And 1878: A Preliminary Review of The Comparison of The Contents in The Agreement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51200/manu.v32i1.2937Keywords:
Utara Borneo, penyerahan, Kesultanan Brunei, Kesultanan Sulu, BNBC, North Borneo, concession, Brunei, SuluAbstract
Makalah ini merupakan satu usaha untuk membahaskan semula pandangan mengenai perjanjian-perjanjian 1865, 1877 dan 1878 tentang penyerahan wilayah utara Borneo oleh Kesultanan Brunei dan Kesultanan Sulu kepada British North Borneo (Chatered) Company (BNBC) yang diwakili oleh Overbeck dan Alfred Dent. Sumber primer sedia ada telah diinterpretasi semula oleh penulis dalam perspektif yang baharu. Dihujahkan bahawa perjanjian penyerahan wilayah utara Borneo pada tahun 1865, 1877 dan 1878 yang dilakukan oleh Kesultanan Brunei dan Kesultanan Sulu ini telah menghasilkan suatu peristiwa yang dilihat daripada dua dimensi yang berbeza di dalam pensejarahan Borneo Utara. Kajian lepas banyak diteluri dengan sumber dokumentasi barat sehingga mengabaikan sumber tempatan yang dianggap bersifat berat sebelah terutamanya apabila Kesultanan Brunei menafikan penyerahan sebahagian wilayah utara Borneo kepada Kesultanan Sulu. Namun pada masa yang sama Kesultanan Sulu tetap meneguhkan pendiriannya bahawa telah berlaku penyerahan tersebut kepadanya dengan menggunakan perjanjian 1878 sebagai pengesahan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa perjanjian penyerahan wilayah utara Borneo 1865, 1877 dan 1878 berlaku disebabkan oleh kegagalan Kesultanan Brunei dan Kesultanan Sulu untuk mengawal politik pentadbiran di tanah jajahan masing-masing sehingga terpaksa melakukan penyerahan wilayah mengikut terma perjanjian Barat bagi memastikan kedua-dua buah Kesultanan tersebut mampu untuk terus survival. Kajian ini juga mendapati bahawa kepelbagaian tafsiran terhadap terjemahan kandungan perjanjian juga turut memberikan implikasi besar terhadap kefahaman masyarakat sehingga menimbulkan pelbagai spekulasi dan pertikaian yang berterusan sehingga kini. Justeru itu, makalah ini akan cuba untuk menganalisis perbandingan perjanjian penyerahan Borneo Utara pada tahun 1865, 1877 dan 1878 bagi merungkaikan kebenaran peristiwa sejarah antara Kesultanan Brunei dan Kesultanan Sulu sehingga membawa kepada berlakunya penyerahan wilayah ini secara total kepada BNBC.
This paper is an attempt to the explanation of the cession of the northern territory of Borneo by the Sultanate of Brunei and the Sultanate of Sulu to the British North Borneo (Chatered) Company (BNBC) represented by Overbeck and Alfred Dent. Existing primary sources has been reinterpreted by the authors in a new perspective. It is argued that the treaties of surrender of the northern territories of Borneo in 1865, 1877 and 1878 made by the Sultanate of Brunei and the Sultanate of Sulu have produced an event seen from two different dimensions in the history of North Borneo. Past studies have been heavily influenced by western documentations so that ignoring local sources is considered biased especially when the Sultanate of Brunei denies the surrender of a part of North Borneo territory to the Sultanate of Sulu. Yet at the same time the Sultanate of Sulu maintained its position that there had been the surrender of the northern province of Borneo to it by using the 1878 treaty as confirmation. The findings of the study showed that the northern Borneo territorial agreements of 1865, 1877 and 1878 occurred due to the failure of the Sultanate of Brunei and Sulu to control administrative politics in their respective colonies so that they had to surrender the territories in accordance with the terms of the Western agreement to ensure continuous survival. This study also found that the variety of interpretations on the translation in the content of the agreement also has significant implications on the understanding of society, leading to various speculations and disputes up to this day. Therefore, this paper will attempt to analyze the comparison of North Borneo cession agreements in 1865, 1877 and 1878 to unravel the truth of historical events between the Sultanate of Brunei and the Sultanate of Sulu leading to the total surrender of this territory to BNBC.
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