PENGARUH ISLAM DALAM EKONOMI MELAYU TRADISIONAL PERAK SEBELUM PENJAJAHAN BRITISH (KURUN KE-16 – 19 MASIHI)
Islamic Influence in The Economy Aspect of The Perak Malay Before British Colonisation (16th – 19th Century)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51200/manu.v34i1.4473Keywords:
Undang-Undang Sembilan Puluh Sembilan Perak, Undang-Undang Minangkabau (Undang-Undang Dua Belas), pengaruh Islam, ekonomi Perak, Melayu tradisional, The Ninety-Nine Laws of Perak, Minangkabau Legal Digest, (Undang-Undang Dua Belas), Islamic influence, Perak economy, Malay traditionalAbstract
Artikel ini membincangkan pengaruh Islam dalam aspek ekonomi masyarakat Melayu Perak sebelum penjajahan British. Perbincangan ini adalah berdasarkan kepada teks-teks undang-undang Melayu Undang-Undang Sembilan Puluh Sembilan Perak dan Undang-Undang Minangkabau. Walaupun pengaruh Islam dalam teks-teks undang-undang Melayu tradisional telah dibincangkan secara meluas dalam penulisan sebelum ini, tetapi perincian perbincangannya tertumpu kepada pengaruh Islam dalam aspek politik dan sosiobudaya (adat). Hal ini mungkin kerana sebahagian besar daripada teks undang-undang tersebut menumpukan aspek pentadbiran (susur galur sultan, tugas dan tanggungjawab sultan dalam pentadbiran, tugas pembesar-pembesar), sosiobudaya (misalnya nikah, cerai, berhutang, kesalahan jenayah sivil (misalnya mencuri dan membunuh) dan perlanggaran terhadap ajaran Islam (seperti tidak solat, tidak berpuasa dan berzina). Keadaan ini menimbulkan persoalan, adakah teks undang-undang Melayu tradisional yang dipengaruhi oleh elemen Islam tidak merangkumi aspek ekonomi masyarakat Melayu tradisional. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengaruh Islam dalam aspek ekonomi masyarakat Melayu tradisional berdasarkan peruntukan-peruntukan berkaitan tanah yang ada dalam teks Undang-Undang Melayu tradisional. Hal ini demikian kerana peruntukan-peruntukan berkaitan tanah amat berkait rapat dengan aktiviti pertanian yang merupakan aktiviti ekonomi utama masyarakat Melayu. Ringkasnya, pengaruh Islam dalam teks undang-undang Melayu tradisional turut merangkumi aspek ekonomi masyarakat Melayu. Hal ini dibuktikan melalui kewujudan fasal-fasal khusus tertentu dalam teks-teks undang-undang ini yang berkaitan aspek ekonomi Melayu tradisional iaitu pertanian yang jelas bertepatan dengan muamalat Islam. Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan kaedah sejarah yang berasaskan kepada kaedah analisis teks. Sumber primer yang dirujuk bagi perbincangan pengaruh Islam dalam aspek ekonomi ini ialah teks Undang-Undang Sembilan Puluh Sembilan Perak (versi J. Rigby) dan Undang-Undang Minangkabau (versi Maxwell) yang merupakan teks undang-undang penting Perak.
This article discusses the Islamic influence on the economy aspect of the Malay in Perak prior the British colonisation based on the old Malay legal digests. Although Islamic influence in the traditional Malay legal digests were widely discussed in the previous writings, the details of the discussion focused on the Islamic influence on political aspect and sociocultural (customs). This is probably because Malay legal digests more focused on administration aspects (sultanate lineage, responsibilities and duties of the sultan in administration, ministers’ tasks), sociocultural (for example, marriage, divorce, debt, criminal offence (for example stealing and killing) and violation of Islamic teachings (such as, fail to perform prayer, didn’t fast and adultery). The situation raised a question of whether traditional Malay legal digests influenced by Islamic elements did not include the traditional Malay economic aspects. Thus, this study aims to examine the influence of Islam on the economic aspects of the Malay community based on the clauses related to land in the text of traditional Malay Law. This is because the clauses related to land are closely related to agricultural activities which are the main economy activities of the Malay community. In short, Islamic influence in the traditional Malay legal digests also included the economic aspects of the Malay. This can be proven through the existing of specific clauses in legal digests related to economy aspects of the Malay Traditional such as farming that clearly accord with Islamic muamalat. This article writing uses historical method that is text analysis. The primary resources referred to in this discussion on Islamic influence in economic aspects are The Ninety-Nine Laws of Perak (J. Rigby version) and Minangkabau Law (Undang-Undang Dua Belas) (Maxwell version) which were two important legal digests in Perak.
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