SUMBER SEJARAH SEBAGAI “SUPPORTIVE EVIDENCE” DALAM PEMILIKAN MALAYSIA DI GUGUSAN SEMARANG PENINJAU (GSP), LAUT CHINA SELATAN (LCS)
HISTORICAL SOURCES AS SUPPORTIVE EVIDENCE IN MALAYSIA’S OWNERSHIP OF GUGUSAN SEMARANG PENINJAU (GSP), SOUTH CHINA SEA (SCS)
Keywords:
Sumber sejarah, perundangan antarabangsa, pemilikan Malaysia, Gugusan Semarang Peninjau (GSP), Laut China Selatan (LCS)., Historical sources, international law, Malaysian ownership, South China Sea (SCS).Abstract
Abstrak Malaysia secara rasminya telah menduduki beberapa fitur di Kepulauan Spratly selepas terbitnya Peta Baharu Malaysia 1979 berikutan daripada kedudukan Gugusan Semarang Peninjau (GSP) yang terletak dalam Zon Ekonomi Ekslusif (ZEE) dan sempadan Pelantar Benua Malaysia di Laut China Selatan (LCS). Bersandarkan kepada prinsip ini, beberapa kes pertikaian sebelumnya telah dibawa ke Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa (ICJ) merujuk kepada pertikaian Pulau Sipadan-Ligitan (2002) dan Pulau Batu Puteh (2008) antara Malaysia, Indonesia dan Singapura. Keabsahan terhadap pemilikan GSP pula lebih dominan melibatkan konflik pertikaian di antara Malaysia, Vietnam dan China. Ironinya, Malaysia kemungkinan akan bersedia membawa penyelesaian konflik ini ke ICJ dalam masa terdekat atau beberapa dekad kemudian. Menyedari hakikat ini, kajian dalam makalah ini cuba menelusuri wacana sumber sejarah sebagai “supportive evidence” dalam pendudukan Malaysia di GSP, LCS melalui kaedah kepustakaan. Kaedah ini berteraskan disiplin sejarah dan analisa perdebatan mengenai sumber sejarah dalam perundangan antarabangsa berdasarkan hujah-hujah perspektif perundangan. Antara sumber primer yang digunakan adalah melalui laporan kes mahkamah ICJ, rekod Arkib Kebangsaan United Kingdom seperti Public Record Office (PRO) dan beberapa dokumen yang diperolehi dari Arkib Negara Malaysia (ANM) dan Arkib Negeri Sabah (ANS) serta beberapa sumber sekunder dalam bentuk artikel dan buku. Kajian mendapati bahawa, meskipun Malaysia bakal menggunakan asas International Law dalam pemilikan terhadap GSP, sumber sejarah boleh digunakan sebagai “supportive evidence” bagi mendukung prinsip kedaulatan wilayah terhadap GSP khususnya mengenai aktiviti bertaraf sejarah yang pernah dilakukan oleh British serta sebagai mekanisme kesiapsiagaan Malaysia menjawab persoalan atau asas sejarah kolonial yang bakal digunakan oleh negara penuntut yang lain.
Abstract Malaysia officially occupied several features in the Spratly Islands after the publication of the 1979 New Map of Malaysia following the position of the Gugusan Semarang Peninjau (GSP) located in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the Malaysian Continental Shelf boundary in the South China Sea (SCS). Based on this principle, several previous dispute cases have been brought to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) referring to the disputes of Pulau Sipadan-Ligitan (2002) and Pulau Batu Puteh (2008) between Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. The legitimacy of GSP ownership is more dominant involving disputes between Malaysia, Vietnam and China. Ironically, Malaysia is likely ready to bring the resolution of this conflict to the ICJ in the future or decades later. Recognizing this fact, the study in this paper attempts to trace the discourse of historical sources as "supportive evidence" in the GSP, SCS. This study is based on library research method rooted in the discipline of history and the analysis of debates on historical sources in international law based on the arguments of legal perspectives. Among the primary sources used are through ICJ court case reports, United Kingdom National Archives records such as the Public Record Office (PRO) and several documents obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia (ANM) and the Sabah State Archives (ANS). The study found that, although Malaysia will use the basis of International Law in its claim against GSP, historical sources can be used as "supportive evidence" to support the principle of territorial sovereignty over GSP, especially on historical activities done by the British and as a mechanism for Malaysia's readiness to answer questions or the basis of colonial history to be used by other claimant states.
References
Sumber Primer
Dokumen Public Record Office (PRO) dan Arkib Negeri Sabah (ANS)
, Straits Settlements Goverment Gazettes. (1879). Goverment Printing Office.
Annual Report Geology, Borneo Region. (1963). United States: Government Printing Office.
CO 144/66. Labuan No. 21957. Spratly Island & Amboyna Cay, Memo on the intention of the Central Borneo Co. to exploit Guano there from. CO 273/565/12. Spratly or Storm Island, 1930-1931.
CO 273/646/5. Spratly Islands: Question of Sovereignty, 1938-1939.
Despatches and Savings from Secretary of State. 1954. Kotak No: Aiii (5).
FCO 881/5741. Borneo; Memorandum. Grant of lease to central Borneo Company to work Guano on Spratly Island.
Akhbar
Channel News Asia. (2017). UK Documents Cited for Malaysia’s Application to Revise Pedra Branca Decision. http://www.channelnewsasia.com.
Lai, Y. M. (2018). “What’s the fuss about “islands”? The significance of maritime terrestrial features from a geo-security perspective”. SIRC Newsletter.
Straits Times Overland Journal. (1879). Labuan. 14 November.
The Straits Times. (1913). Labuan Notes. 3 March.
Peta
Black, A. (1884). Indian Archipelago and Further India including Burmah, Siam, Anam, & C.
Garnier, F.A. (1860). Archipels des Iles de la Sonde et des Iles Philippines.
Horsburgh, J. (1821). China Sea Sheet 1.
Leiden Digital Collection. Kaart van het eiland Borneo (Map of the island of Borneo).
Stemfoort, J.W. (1885). Kaart Van het Noordelijk Gedeelte (benoorden 1 N.B.) Van Het Eiland Borneo.
Laporan Kes Mahkamah
Malaysia vs Indonesia. (1998-2002). Case Concerning Sovereignty Over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan. International Court of Justice (ICJ). https://www.icj-cij.org/.
Malaysia vs Indonesia. (2002). Press Release, The Court finds that sovereignty over the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan belongs to Malaysia. International Court of Justice (ICJ). https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/102/102-20021217PRE-0100EN.pdf.
Malaysia vs Singapore. (2003-2008). Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge. International Court of Justice (ICJ). https://www.icj-cij.org/case/130.
The Republic of The Philippines V. The People’s Republic of China. (2016). The South China Sea Arbitration. Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). https://pca-cpa.org/ar/cases/7/
Temu bual
Temu bual bersama Prof. Dato’ BA Hamzah, Pengarah Pusat Pengajian Pertahanan dan Keselamatan Antarabangsa (CDiSS) oleh Prof. Madya Dr. Lai Yew Meng. (Mei 2021). Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia.
Transkrip
Albar, S. H. (2021). Meeting with Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Dr. Syed Hamid Albar [Transcript]. Bukit Damansara: Kuala Lumpur. (Unpublished item)
Round Table Discussion (RTD) untuk projek TR@M001-2019. (2020). Putrajaya: Kuala Lumpur. (Tidak diterbitkan).
Undang-Undang
Undang-Undang Malaysia. Akta Zon Ekonomi Eksklusif 1984. https://www.kpdnhep.gov.my/.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). (1982). https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf.
Sumber Sekunder
Abdullah, A. A., & Lai, Y. M. (2022). Perkembangan Industri Minyak dan Gas di Sabah (1881-1980): Satu Penelitian Terhadap Eksplorasi Minyak dan Gas oleh British-Borneo di Laut China Selatan. Kemanusiaan, 29(2), 177-210. https://doi.org/10.21315/kajh2022.29.2.9.
Akita, L. G. (2014). Think Great, Be Great. New York: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform.
Allison, M. E. & Hensel, P. R. (2002, March 24). Who Cares? Domestic Politics and the Management of Territorial Claims. [Paper presentation]. Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, USA.
Roach, J. A. (2014). Malaysia and Brunei: An Analysis of their Claims in the South China Sea. A CNA Occasional Paper (Document No. IOP-2014-U-008434). https://www.cna.org/reports/2014/iop-2014-u-008434.pdf.
Butcher, J. G. (2013). The International Court of Justice and the territorial dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia in the Sulawesi Sea. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 35(2), 235-257.
Casenote Legal Briefs. (2019). Casenote Legal Briefs: International Law, Keyed to Damrosch and Murphy’s. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
Centre for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS). (2021). Rocks, Reefs, Submerged Shoals– Who Claims or Occupies Them? https://amti.csis.org/scs-features-map/.
Djalal, H. (2013). Dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia on the Sovereignty Over Sipadan and Ligitan Islands. Jurnal Hukum dan Perjanjian Internasional: Opinio Juris, 12(10). 8-25.
Forbes, V.L. (2018). Archival Research to Enhance Territorial and Sovereignty Claims. In T. S. Hsieh (Ed.), The South China Sea Disputes: Historical, Geopolitical and Legal Studies (pp. 61-91). La Trobe University.
Gullet, W. (2018). The South China Sea Arbitration’s contribution to the concept of juridical islands. Questions of International Law (QIL), 47, 5-38. https://www.qil-qdi.org/south-china-sea-arbitrations-contribution-concept-juridical-islands/.
Hanifah, T., & Suseyorini. (2017). Penyelesaian Sengketa Gugatan Filipina Terhadap China Mengenai Laut China Selatan Melalui Permanent Court of Arbitration. Diponegoro Law Journal, 6(1). https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/dlr/article/view/15677.
Hayton, B. (2015). The South China Sea, The Struggle for Power in Asia. United States: Yale University Press.
Horsburgh, J. (1843). India Directory or Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, And the Interjacent Ports of Africa and South America: Compiled chiefly from Original Journal of the Honourable Company’s Ships, and from Observations and Remarks, resulting from the Experience of twenty-one years in the navigation of those seas (Vol. 2). London: W. M. H. Allen.
Huh, S. (2015). Title to Territory in the Post-Colonial Era: Original Title and Terra Nullius in the ICJ Judgement on Cases Concerning Ligitan/Sipadan (2002) and Pedra Branca (2008). European Journal of International Law, 26(3), 709-725. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chv036.
Ismail, A., & Govindasamy, G. (2019). Tuntutan Undang-Undang dan Pendekatan Malaysia di dalam Kes Pulau Ligitan, Pulau Sipadan dan Pedra Branca. Akademika, 89(1), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.17576/akad-2019-8901-07.
Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Semenanjung Malaysia. (1996). Piawaian Perancangan Pembangunan Fizikal Pulau-Pulau. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia.
Kwiatkowska, B., & Soons, A. H. A. (1990). Entitlement to Maritime Areas of Rocks which cannot Sustain Human Habitation or Economic Life of Their Own. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 21, 139-181. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0167676800002087.
Kuik, C. C., & Lai, Y. M. (2020). The Twin Chessboards of US-China Rivalry: Geostrategic Supply and Demand in Post-Pandemic Asia. Asian Perspective, 45(1), 2-21. John Hopkins University Press.
Kuik, C.C., Ahmad, A. R. & Lai, Y. M. (2022, June 9). Finland and Sweden today, Southeast Asia tomorrow? ThinkChina. https://www.thinkchina.sg/finland-and-sweden today-southeast-asia-tomorrow.
Kuik, C.C., & Ruhanie, A. (2020). “Hedging” di Laut China Selatan: Satu Analisis Dasar Luar Malaysia mengikut Perspektif Realisme Neoklasik (NCR). JEBAT: Malaysia Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies, 47(3), 58-86. https://ejournal.ukm.my/jebat/article/view/44773/11537.
Lai, Y. M., & Kuik, C. C. (2021a). Structural Sources of Malaysia's South China Sea Policy: Power Uncertainties and Small-State Hedging. Australian Journal of International Affairs (AJIA), 75(3), 277-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2020.1856329.
Lai, Y. M., & Kuik, C. C. (2021b, June 21). Evolving Policy: Malaysian Diplomacy in the South China Sea. Australian Outlook. https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/evolving-policy-malaysian diplomacy-in-the-south-china-sea/
Lai, Y. M., Kuik, C. C., & Abdullah, A. A. (2021). Pulau Layang-Layang in Malaysia’s South China Sea Policy: Sovereignty Meets Geopolitical Reality amid China-U.S. Rivalry. International Journal of China Studies, 12(2), 189-222. https://adab.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36495
Lai, Y. M., Kuik, C. C., & Abdullah, A.A. (2024). Pulau Layang-Layang in the Context of South China Sea’s Geopolitics: A Malaysian Perspective. In Y. M. Lai, E. Saleh, & M. H. Abdullah (Eds.), Pulau Layang-Layang, Malaysia’s Gem in the South China Sea. Kota Kinabalu: Penerbit UMS.
Marston, G. (1986). Abandonment of Territorial Claims: The Cases of Bouvet and Spratly Islands. British Yearbook of International Law, 57(1), 337-356. https://doi.org/10.1093/bybil/57.1.337.
Nguyen, T. L. A. (2015). Origins of the South China Sea Dispute. In J. Huang & A. Billo (Eds.), Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea: Navigating Rough Waters (pp. 15-35). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137463685_2.
Omar, M. A., & Jusoh, S. (2024). Establishing Animus Occupandi for Effective Occupation of Pulau Layang-Layang: Analysis of Past Decided Cases. In Y. M. Lai, E. Saleh, & M. H. Abdullah (Eds.), Pulau Layang-Layang, Malaysia’s Gem in the South China Sea. Kota Kinabalu: Penerbit UMS.
Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN). (2018). Guardian of the Frontier. Kuala Lumpur: Royal Malaysian Navy Sea Power Centre. (Tidak diterbitkan).
Sumner, B. T. (2004). “Territorial Disputes at the International Court of Justice”. Duke Law Journal, 53(6), 1779-1812. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol53/iss6/3.
Tønnesson, S. (2001). An International History of the Dispute in The South China Sea (East Asia Institute Working Paper No. 71). National University of Singapore.
Tønnesson, S. (2006). The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline. Modern Asian Studies, 40(1), 1-57. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06001727.
Wan Dahalan, W. S. A. (2008). Pulau Batu Puteh: Isu Pertikaian hak kedaulatan antara Malaysia dan Singapura. Jurnal Undang-Undang dan Masyarakat, 12, 92-100 https://ejournal.ukm.my/juum/article/view/7540.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All right reserved. No part of this publication can be reproduced without prior written permission of the copyright holder. The written permission of the copyright holder must be obtained before any parts of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature.
Requests for permission to duplicate an article, review or part of this journal should be addressed to the Chief Editor, MANU, Centre for the Promotion of Knowledge and Language Learning, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Total Views: 21
| 
Total Downloads: 7
