UCAPAN BENCI BERKAITAN ISU BANGSA, AGAMA DAN INSTITUSI DIRAJA DALAM MEDIA SOSIAL: ANALISIS LAKUAN BAHASA : Hate Speech on Issues of Race, Religion and Royal Institutions in Social Media: An Analysis of Speech Acts

NURUL AFIFAH ADILA  MOHD SALLEH; MASLIDA  YUSOF

doi:10.51200/manu.v36i2.7092

Authors

NURUL AFIFAH ADILA MOHD SALLEH
MASLIDA YUSOF

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51200/manu.v36i2.7092

Keywords:

3R issues, Hate speech, Speech acts, Social media, Pragmatic

Abstract

Abstract Speech acts are actions expressed through language, not just to convey information, but used to do something. Social media users often write various things openly on social media platforms and certainly use various types of speech acts. This is a social activity that utilises language to act. However, what is an issue today is hateful writing related to the 3R issue, namely race, religion and royal institutions, which is increasingly being written and spread. Hate speech refers to all forms of communication that are insulting, demeaning, provoking and discriminating against individuals or groups for any reason. The language used to write this hate speech aims to express, assert, ask, express emotions, warn, request and many more. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify and analyse hate speech on the 3R issue in Malaysia from the perspective of speech acts. Speech Act Theory by Searle (1969) and qualitative methods through text content analysis were utilised in this study. Social media platforms, namely Facebook, the X Application, TikTok and Threads, were used as a base to find study data. Certain keywords, such as hate/insult, the king/religion/race, were used in the search field available to obtain data from January to June 2025. The results of the study showed that all types of speech acts were used in conveying hate speech, either through the posting or comment sections, except for the type of declarative speech act. This study implies that it can provide information related to hate speech from a linguistic perspective and can reveal the pattern of speech acts in conveying hate speech. Hate speech related to the 3R issue should be avoided and refrained from being uttered and spread.

Author Biographies

NURUL AFIFAH ADILA MOHD SALLEH

Akademi Pengajian Bahasa,
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),
40450, Shah Alam, Selangor.

MASLIDA YUSOF

Fakuli Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM),
43600, Bangi, Selangor.

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