HUBUNGAN PERSEKUTUAN-NEGERI DI SABAH PASCA PRU14: PROSPEK, ISU DAN CABARAN
FEDERAL-STATE RELATIONS IN SABAH POST GE14: PROSPECTS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51200/ejk.vi.1655Keywords:
Negeri, Persekutuan, Sabah, Kelangsungan, Malaysia, State, Federal, SurvivalAbstract
Sejak pembentukan Persekutuan Malaysia pada 16 September 1963 sehingga Pilihan Raya Umum Ke-14 (PRU-14) pada 2018, ramai yang melihat bahawa kerajaan pusat di bawah pentadbiran Barisan Nasional (BN) cuba menggunakan segala mekanisme yang ada untuk mewujudkan kawalan yang ketat ke atas negeri. Dalam masa yang sama berusaha untuk menumpukan kuasa di Kuala Lumpur/Putrajaya. Oleh itu, artikel ini cuba untuk melihat perkembangan pasca PRU14 di Malaysia dengan menumpukan kepada hubungan negeri Sabah dan Persekutuan. Selain daripada beberapa isu hangat yang mendominasi hubungan persekutuan-negeri sejak beberapa dekad di bawah pentadbiran BN, para penulis menghujahkan bahawa terdapat beberapa isu lain yang perlu diberikan perhatian dalam memastikan kelangsungan pemerintahan negeri di bawah gabungan Parti Warisan Sabah (PWS)-Pakatan Harapan (PH)-UPKO (PWS-PH-UPKO). Dalam hal ini, para penulis berhujah bahawa, berdasarkan kepada pengalaman PRU-14, kelangsungan kerajaan negeri ditentukan oleh dua faktor utama; luaran dan dalaman. Faktor luaran merujuk kepada bagaimana dasar-dasar yang dijalankan oleh kerajaan pusat mempengaruhi persepsi rakyat kepada pentadbiran kerajaan negeri. Manakala faktor dalaman merujuk kepada sejauh mana kerajaan negeri berjaya melaksanakan dasar-dasar yang memberi kesan kepada penduduk negeri Sabah. Oleh itu, artikel ini menghujahkan bahawa cabaran lebih besar menanti dalam hubungan negeri-persekutuan pasca PRU-14 terutamanya dalam memastikan kelangsungan pemerintahan di peringkat negeri dan persekutuan.
Abstract
Since the establishment of the Federation of Malaysia on September 16, 1963 until the 14th General Election (GE-14) in 2018, many see that the federal government under the Barisan Nasional (BN) administration had used all available mechanisms to control over the state and at the same time was working to concentrate power to Kuala Lumpur/Putrajaya. Therefore, this paper attempts to investigate the post-GE-14 development in Malaysia with particular attention to the relations between Sabah and the Federal Government. This paper argues that, in addition to the ongoing issues that dominated federal-state relations for several decades since BN's rules in Sabah, there are several other issues that need to be addressed to ensure the survival of the current state government under the Parti Warisan Sabah (PWS)-Pakatan Harapan (PH)-UPKO (PWS-PH-UPKO) coalition. In this regard, the authors argue that, based on GE-14 experience, the survival of the state government was largely determined by two major factors, external and internal. The external factor refers to how the policies implemented by the federal government are impacting on the perception of Sabahan towards the state government. Meanwhile, the internal factor refers to how effective the state government is in implementing policies that cater to the needs of Sabahans. Hence, this paper argues that post-GE-14, greater challenges await the state-federal relations particularly in ensuring the survival of the state and federal governments.
References
Abdul Rahemang Taiming. 2018. Sabah bentuk jawatankuasa khas tuntutan royalti minyak. Berita Harian. 29 Julai
Alyaa Azhar. 2018. Despite protests, Musa Aman sworn in as Sabah CM. Malaysiakini. 10 May
Astro Awani. 2013. Menilai semula Perjanjian Malaysia. 15 September
Astro Awani. 2013. Pembangunan di Sabah dan Sarawak tidak akan dipinggirkan. 15 September
Azharudin Mohamed Dali. 2012. Perlembagaan Malaysia: Penyertaan Sabah dan Sarawak ke dalam Malaysia. Seminar Perlembagaan Malaysia: Di antara Sejarah dan tuntutan semasa. Arkib Negara Malaysia, 5 Julai.
Bagang, T.P. 2018. Krisis politik negeri di bawah bayu pasca PRU-14. Utusan. 20 Mei
Baszley Bee Basrah Bee, Sabihah Osman & Nordin Sakke. 2009. Asas Kajian Persempadan Negeri Sabah. Siri Penerbitan Penyelidikan Sains Sosial No. 6. Penerbit UMS.
Berita Harian. 2014. Perlembagaan jamin hak Rakyat Sabah, Sarawak. 14 Oktober.
Berita Harian. 2014. Sabah, Sarawak capai status negeri maju makin terserlah. 9 Disember
Borneo Post. 2014. Address ‘unfair treatment’ feelings among Sarawakians, Sabahans now - Chong. 16 October
Borneo Post. 2018. Pan Borneo highway project must go forward. 4 June
Carruthers, A.M. 2016. Sabah ICs for Sabahans: Will it help?. Perspective. 11, 1-8
Chamil Wiraya. 1992. UMNO Sabah: Mencabar dan dicabar. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti
Chin, J. 1990. Going east: UMNO’s entry into Sabah politics, Asian Journal of Political Science 7(1), 20-40.
Chin, J. 1997. Politics of federal intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Sarawak, Sabah and Kelantan. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 35(2), 96-120.
Daily Express. 2017. Federal never failed Sabah. DE. 3 September
Daily Express. 2018. Give us time, says Shafie. 17 August 17
Daily Express. 2018. No way, says Shae. 22 July
Daily Express. 2018. Panel to pursue 20pc oil royalty. 30 Jul.
Daily Express. 2018. Sabah as 13th Filipino state. 20 Jul.
Daily Express. 2018. Sabah to ensure the ‘best deal’ from MA63. 14 August
Dewan Rakyat. 2015. Usul Tentang Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas. Dewan Rakyat. 21 Mei.
Eko Prayitno Joko et. al. (ed.). Deskripsi mengenai Borneo dari pelbagai perspektif penulisan: Esei-esei sumbangsih untuk Sabihah Osman. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan Buku Malaysia
Eko Prayitno Joko. 2014. Isu Pemilikan Wilayah Pantai Timur Sabah: Satu Penelusuran Daripada Sudut Sumber Sejarah. Jurnal Kinabalu. 20, 1-34
Eko Prayitno Joko, Zaini Othman Saat Awg. Damit. 2016. Belia dan kelangsungan hegemoni Barisan Nasional: Kajian kes Pilihan Raya Umum 13 di Sabah. Jurnal Komunikasi Borneo Edisi Khas. Edisi Khas, 1-18
Fairuz Mohd Shahar. 2018. Malaysia will not budge on 'Sabah claim' by the Philippines. NST. 31 January
Fatimah Zainal. 2018. PBRS leaves Sabah BN, third party to cross over. The Star. 12 May
FMT. 2018. We will get best deal out of MA63, says Shafie. 13 August
Friday Neil Brian Joseph. 2018. Pan Borneo Highway project will proceed - Shafie. Borneo Post. 25 Mei
Frontdesk. 2018. Profil Datuk Seri Mohd Shafie Apdal. 13 Mei
Gudgeon, P.S. (1981). Economic development in Sabah, 1881-1981. Dalam A. Sullivan & C. Leong (eds.). Commemorative history of Sabah, 1881-1981. KK: Sabah State Government
Hamdan Aziz. 2018. Dari Pekan Kudat ke Kota Kinabalu: Sorotan terindah pertubuhan USNO dan UMNO 1961-1991. Dalam Eko Prayitno Joko et. al. (ed.). Deskripsi mengenai Borneo dari pelbagai perspektif penulisan: Esei-esei sumbangsih untuk Sabihah Osman. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan Buku Malaysia
Hamidah Ab Rahman et. al., 2009. Pembangunan ekonomi dalam hubungan etnik. Dalam Kassim Thukiman dan Hamidah Ab Rahman (eds.). Hubungan etnik di Malaysia: Perspektif teori dan praktik. Skudai: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Harding, A. & Chin, J. 2014. 50 Years of Malaysia. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish.
Jabatan Perdana Menteri. 2015. Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas 2016-2020.
Jayum Jawan & Mohammad Agus Yusoff. 2003. Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia: Forty years later. JATI, 8, 1-14
Jomo, K.S., and Wee Chong Hui. 2003. The political economy of Malaysian Federalism: Economic development, public policy and conflict containment, Journal of International Development. 15(4), 441-456.
Kasim Mansur. 2008. Hala tuju pembangunan negeri Sabah: Harapan dan cabaran. Dalam Asan Ali Golam Hassan (ed.). 2008. Pembangunan wilayah dan alam sekitar: Cabaran dalam merealisasikan Rancangan Malaysia Ke 9. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia
Kaur, A. 1998. Economic change in East Malaysia: Sabah and Sarawak since 1850. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Kurus, B., Goddos, R. and Koh, R.T. 1998. Migrant labour flows in the East ASEAN region: Prospects and Challenges. Borneo Review, 9(2), 156-186.
Laporan Ekonomi 2009/2010. 2010. Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia. Putrajaya: Percetakan Negara
Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010: Banci penduduk dan perumahan Malaysia. Putrajaya: Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.
Lee Kuok Tiung & Mohd Safar Hashim. 2009. Media framing of a political personality: A case study of a Malaysian politician. European Journal of Social Science. 9(3), 408-424
Lee Kuok Tiung & Mohd Safar Hashim. 2016. Artikulasi isu-isu sejarah dalam media massa di Malaysia. Jebat. 43(1), 1-18
Lee Kuok Tiung. 2015. Pembingkaian berita isu Tanah Hak Adat Anak Negeri (NCR) dalam akhbar tempatan Sabah: Analisis perbandingan antara Daily Express dan New Sabah Times. MANU, 22, 107-136
Lim Hong Hai. 1997. Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia: The real bargain or what have they gotten themselves into. Kajian Malaysia. 15(1 & 2), 15-56.
Lim, R. 2008. Federal-state relations in Sabah, Malaysia: the Berjaya administration, 1976-85. Singapore: ISEAS.
Luping, H. 1989. The Formation of Malaysia revisited. Dalam Jeffery Kitingan & Maximus Ongkili (eds.) Sabah: 25 Years later 1963-1988. Kota Kinabalu: IDS.
Luping, H. 1994. Sabah’s dilemma: The political history of Sabah, 1960-94. KL: Magnus
Mahalingam, E. 2018. Sabah highway next to get the chop?. The Star. 30 May
Malaysiakini. 2014. Dasar kabotaj naikkan harga barang Sabah. 8 Julai 2014
Mat Zin Mat Kib. 2011. Sumbangan Sabah dalam Pilihan Raya Umum Ke-12: Relevansi politik pembangunan. Jurnal Melayu. 6, 105-120
Md. Saffie Abd. Rahim. 2007. Jepun di Borneo Utara: migrasi dan kegiatan ekonomi, 1884-1941. Kota Kinabalu: Penerbit UMS
Miwil, O. 2018. SDC records RM165 billion in investments in 10 years. NST. 15 March
Mohammad Agus Yusoff . 2002. Politik federalisme di Malaysia: Pengalaman Sabah. Jati 7: 1-20
Mohammad Agus Yusoff. 2005. Putrajaya sebagai wilayah persekutuan: Isu-isu perlembagaan dan politik. Dalam Maizatul Haizan Mahbob dan Mohammad Zain Musa (ed.). Tinjauan baru politik Malaysia. Bangi: Penerbit UKM
Mohammad Agus Yusoff. 2006. Malaysian Federalism: Conflict or consensus. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Mohd Izham Unnip Abrullah. 2018. Pan Borneo Highway a game changer for Sabah, Sarawak. NST. 1 April
Musli Oli. 2017. Kod 1963. Kota Kinabalu: Rontong Publication
Natasha Joibi. 2018. Shafie: Politicians from Philippines should drop reckless Sabah claims. The Star. 21 Jul.
Nezar Patria & Andi Arief. 2009. Antonio Gramsci: Negara & hegemoni. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar
Nordin Sakke. 2012. Persempadanan geografi dalam pengesahan fakta sempadan antarabangsa: Tinjauan ke atas sempadan Sabah-Kaltim-Filipina. Dalam Arkib Negara (ed.). Kumpulan Kertas-Kertas Kerja Bengkel Kajian Persempadanan Negeri Sabah. Kuala Lumpur: Arkib Negara Malaysia
Ongkili, J.F., 1992. Federalism and parochialism: Relations between Kuala Lumpur and Sabah, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 22(4), 529-545.
Pang Teck Wai. 1990. The making of a development plan for Sabah: issues, problems, solutions Borneo Research Council Seminar, Kuching, 4-9 Ogos.
Ramli Dollah & Ahmad Mosfi Mohamad. 2007. Perdagangan Tukar Barang Tawau (Sabah)-Indonesia: Implikasi dan Cabaran, JATI: Jurnal Jabatan Asia Tenggara Universiti Malaya, 12, 83-106.
Ramli Dollah & Eko Prayitno Joko. 2015. Dasar ‘Memakmurkan Jiran’ dan penglibatan Malaysia dalam proses keamanan di Selatan Filipina. JEBAT: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies, 42(1), 77-112
Ramli Dollah & Kamarulnizam Abdullah. 2017. Kepesatan pembangunan ekonomi dan dasar tenaga kerja di Sabah, 1960an-1980an. MANU. 25, 49-74
Ramli Dollah & Kamarulnizam Abdullah. 2018. The securitization of migrant workers in Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of International Migration & Integration. 19(3), 17–735.
Ramli Dollah & Mohd Zambri Suharani. 2015. Fungsi dan peranan ESSCOM dalam menjamin keselamatan Sabah: Satu perbandingan persepsi antara komuniti ‘Luar’ dan komuniti ESSZONE. Jurnal Komunikasi Borneo. 2, 1-28.
Ramli Dollah, Wan Shawaluddin Wan Hassan, Diana Peters and Zaini Othman. 2016. Old threats, new approach and national security in Malaysia: issues and challenges in dealing with cross-border crime in East Coast of Sabah. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(3), 178-186
Roslan Gimba. 2013. Perbelanjaan kerajaan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di negeri Sabah. Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
Ross-Larson, B. 1976. The politics of Federalism: Syed Kechik in East Malaysia. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Sabihah Osman. 1994. Sabah state elections: implications for Malaysian unity. Asian Survey, 32(4). 380-391.
Sabihah Osman. 2008. Pembangunan politik Sabah: Satu penelusuran sejarah. Jurnal Kinabalu. (4), 1-29
Seng, H.T. (1989). International migration and urban development: The case of the Filipino immigrants in Sabah. Dalam M. Yaakub Johari and B. S. Sidhu (eds.). Urbanization & development: Prospects and policies for Sabah beyond 1990. KK: IDS
Shaari Isa. 2013. Pembalasan dendam dan penyalahgunaan kuasa: Perjuangan menuntut keadilan di negeri di bawah bayu: Dendam politik dan serangan peribadi ke atas Syed Kechik di Sabah (1975-2013). Selangor: MPH
Shagar, L.K. 2018. Wan Azizah says not all promises fulfilled, but no need for apologies. The Star. 16 Aug
Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 2012. Modul hubungan etnik (edisi kedua). Bangi: UKM
Sinar Harian. 2014. Pertimbang tambah royalti minyak Sabah. 29 Mac.
Singh, R.D.S. 2010. Sabah Politics/Policies and Federal-State relations 1963-1995, dibentangkan di Shangrila Tg. Aru, Kota Kinabalu, 20 Mei.
Soo Wern Jun. 2018. Wan Azizah on why some PH promises not fulfilled yet. FMT. 16 August
Stephanie Lee and Fatimah Zainal. 2018. PBS leaves BN, Musa Aman to leave Umno and join PBS. The Star. 12 May 2018
Syed Abdul Razak Syed Mahadi. 2014. Indonesian labour migration to Sabah: Changes, trends and impacts. PhD Thesis, The University of Adelaide.
Syed Husin Ali. 2004. Merdeka, rakyat dan keadilan. Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information Research Development Publisher.
The Star. 2018. Shafie confident Pan-Borneo highway project will go on. 26 May
The Star. 2018. UEM Edgenta bags RM60.7mil consulting job for Pan Borneo Sabah highway project. 1 Jun
The Star. Madius: Upko made 'the boldest of decisions' in leaving Barisan. 10 May 2018
The Straits Times. 2018. Pakatan made pledges without expecting to win polls: Mahathir. 17 August
The Sun Daily. 2018. Claim Sabah rights among top priority by Warisan government: Shafie. 13 May
Tregonning, K. G. 1965. History of modern Sabah, 1881-1963. KL: University of Malaya.
Vanar, M. & Lee, S. 2018. Musa Aman sworn in as Sabah CM for 4th term. The Star. 10 May
Wan Shawaluddin Wan Hassan & Ramli Dollah. 2008. Isu-isu keselamatan di Sabah dan impak kepada Malaysia. JATI: Jurnal Jabatan Asia Tenggara Universiti Malaya, 13, 49-68
Wan Shawaluddin Wan Hassan & Ramli Dollah. 2011. Pendatang dan keselamatan di Sabah. Kota Kinabalu: Penerbit UMS
Wan Shawaluddin Wan Hassan, Ramli Dollah & Dewi Herviani. 2015. Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) Bugis dalam sektor perladangan kelapa sawit di Sabah, MANU, 22, 61-79.
Wan Shawaluddin Wan Hassan, Zaini Othman dan Ramli Dollah. 2008. Pemerintah dan pendatang asing di Sabah: Satu analisis kritikal, MANU: Jurnal penataran Ilmu dan Bahasa, 14, 1-23.
Welsh, B. 2018. 'New' or 'old' Sabah in New Malaysia?, Malaysiakini. 17 Jul
Zaini Othman et. al., 2010. Federal and governance: Political autonomy, state-federal relations, delivery system, law and local rights. Dalam Ramzah Dambul et. al., (eds.). Sabah priority issues. Kota Kinabalu: Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 103-118.
Zaini Othman, et. al. 2016. Malaysia’s 13th General Election: Sabah-Barisan Nasional Fixed-Deposit State?, Southeast Asia Review, Korea, 26(3), 91-118