DARI ‘MUNDU’ KE PENCULIKAN UNTUK TEBUSAN: EVOLUSI ANCAMAN KESELAMATAN MARITIM DI PANTAI TIMUR SABAH
FROM ‘MUNDU’ TO KIDNAPPING FOR RANSOM (KFR): EVOLUTION OF MARITIME SECURITY THREAT IN THE EAST COAST OF SABAH
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51200/ejk.v26i1.2452Keywords:
Pelanunan, Kidnapping for Ransom (KFR), pantai timur Sabah, Piracy, eastern Sabah, Malaysia, Mundu, Abu Sayaff, Sulu Sea, Celebes SeaAbstract
Ancaman pelanunan di Malaysia khususnya di negeri Sabah bukanlah isu baharu sebaliknya telah wujud sebelum terbentuknya Persekutuan Malaysia. Lanun-lanun yang digeruni ini dikenal pasti aktif melakukan jarahan dan serangan ke atas kapal-kapal pedagang di perairan Laut Sulu, Selat Melaka, Selat Singapura sehingga ke Teluk Bengal. Menjelang tahun 2000, ancaman yang suatu ketika dahulu hanya dianggap sebagai ancaman lanun, kini mulai dilihat berevolusi kepada ancaman berbentuk baharu iaitu ancaman Kidnapping for Ransom (KFR). KFR merupakan tindakan menculik individu atau kumpulan individu yang bermotifkan untuk mendapatkan wang tebusan dan kini kerap berlaku di perairan pantai timur negeri Sabah. Perbincangan dalam makalah ini akan memfokuskan kepada beberapa perkara iaitu pertama, sejarah pelanunan sebelum 1963; kedua, perkembangan pelanunan selepas 1963; dan terakhir, kemunculan ancaman KFR selepas tahun 2000. Artikel ini berhujah bahawa ancaman pelanunan dan KFR dilakukan oleh Kumpulan Abu Sayyaf (KAS). Selain itu, penulisan ini turut menekankan bahawa konflik yang berlaku di selatan Filipina merupakan penyebab kepada insiden pelanunan dan KFR terus berlaku di Sabah sehingga hari ini. Bagi menyiapkan makalah ini, penulis menggunakan metode penyelidikan kualitatif dengan pemerolehan data melalui teknik temu bual, kajian lapangan dan kajian kepustakaan yang turut disokong oleh dokumen-dokumen rasmi daripada kerajaan, sama ada di peringkat negeri mahupun persekutuan.
The threat of piracy in Malaysia especially in Sabah is not a new issue as it can be traced back before the formation of the Federation of Malaysia. The terrifying pirates actively engaged in piracies and attack on merchant ships along the Sulu Sea, the Straits of Malacca and the Straits of Singapore all the way to the Bay of Bengal. However, by the year 2000, the threat that was once considered a pirate’s threat had begun to evolve into a new form of threat called Kidnapping for Ransom (KFR). KFR is an abduction of individuals or groups of people for ransom that is rampant in Sabah’s east coast waters. The discussion in this paper will be divided to three parts, first, look at the history of piracy before 1963; second, piracy in the east coast of Sabah after 1963; and third, the emergence of KFR threat after the year of 2000. This article argues that piracy and KFR attacks were carried out by Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) since 1980’s. In addition, the article also argues that conflicts in the southern Philippines are among the main reason for the continue occurrence of piracy and KFR threat in the east coast of Sabah. In the preparation of this paper, the authors employ qualitative research methods with data acquisition through interview techniques, fieldwork and library research which are supported by government official documents.
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