Dietary Patterns and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Mini Review

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is closely linked to diet-related non-communicable diseases, particularly diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Appropriate nutritional management plays a critical role in both prevention and progression of CKD. Conventional nutrition interventions for CKD have focused on a single-nutrient approach, but there is a growing shift toward evaluating overall dietary patterns and their synergistic effects on health outcomes. This review examines their influence on CKD risk and progression. Evidence suggests that dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean, Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH), plant-based, and low-protein diets may confer benefits in CKD prevention and management, although individual modifications and close monitoring are necessary. In contrast, ketogenic diets are not recommended due to potential renal risks and limited long-term evidence. The Western dietary pattern remains the most detrimental and should be avoided. Emphasis should be placed on consuming whole, minimally processed foods in appropriate proportions, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, plant-based proteins, and healthy fats, while limiting processed and ultra-processed foods, red meat, and foods high in fat and sugar. Shifting from a single nutrient–focused approach to food group-based recommendations may improve practicality and patient adherence. In conclusion, dietary intervention for CKD should be individualized, culturally appropriate, feasible, and supported by regular monitoring from healthcare professionals.