SEJARAH SISTEM PERBURUHAN DI BORNEO UTARA (1881-1941): History of Labour System in North Borneo (1881-1941)

SYAIB BIN AHMED; MAUREEN  DE SILVA

doi:10.51200/jba.v5i1.2845

Authors

SYAIB BIN AHMED Program Sejarah, Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
MAUREEN DE SILVA Program Sejarah, Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51200/jba.v5i1.2845

Keywords:

Sistem perburuhan, perundangan buruh, SBUB, Borneo Utara, Labour system, law of labour, BNBC, North Borneo

Abstract

Penghapusan amalan perhambaan mengakibatkan Borneo Utara tidak mempunyai sistem buruh yang teratur untuk mengatasi masalah kekurangan tenaga kerja. Namun, penguatkuasaan undang-undang membenarkan Syarikat Berpiagam Borneo Utara British (SBUB) memperkenalkan sistem buruh. Sistem buruh ini kemudian membolehkan SBUB merekrut tenaga kerja dan meningkatkan lagi pembangunan ekonomi di Borneo Utara. Objektif makalah ini adalah untuk menganalisis pelaksanaan sistem buruh yang diperkenalkan di Borneo Utara oleh SBUB dari tahun 1881 hingga 1941. Makalah ini ditulis dengan merujuk kepada sumber utama yang diperoleh dari Arkib Negeri Sabah. Sumber rujukan yang digunakan termasuklah fail pentadbiran kolonial, British North Borneo Herald (BNBH), Pelbagai dan Warta Rasmi. Sumber sekunder seperti buku dan jurnal juga dirujuk sebagai sumber analisis perbincangan. Kajian ini mendapati terdapat dua jenis kontrak digunakan ke atas buruh-buruh yang bekerja di
Borneo Utara iaitu kontrak bertulis dan kontrak lisan. Kontrak bertulis yang wujud dalam bentuk indentur dan kontrak biasa akan diaplikasikan ke atas buruh-buruh imigran, manakala buruh tempatan akan dikenakan kontrak lisan.

The abolition of the practice of slavery resulted in North Borneo not having a well-organized labor system to address the problem of labor shortages. However, law enforcement allowed the British North Borneo Chartered Company (SBUB) to introduce a labor system. This labor system then enabled SBUB to recruit manpower and further enhance economic development in North Borneo. The objective of this paper is to analyze the implementation of the labor system introduced in North Borneo by SBUB from 1881 to 1941. This paper was written with reference to the main sources obtained from the Sabah State Archives. Sources include colonial
administrative files, British North Borneo Herald (BNBH), Miscellaneous and Official Gazette. Secondary sources such as books and journals are also referred to as discussion analysis sources. This study found that there are two types of contracts used on workers working in North Borneo, namely written contracts and oral contracts. Written contracts that exist in the form of indentures and ordinary contracts will be applied to immigrant workers while local workers will be subject to oral contracts.

References

British North Borneo Herald 1883.

British North Borneo Herald 1888.

British North Borneo Herald 1889.

British North Borneo Herald 1890.

British North Borneo Herald 1891.

British North Borneo Herald 1892.

Despatches (Court to Governor, 1918). Assistant Secretary BNBC to Governor Pearson. 15 August 1918.

Despatches (Governor to Chairman, 1918). Bunbury to Government Secretary. 4 June 1918, enclosure. Pearson to Chairman.19 June 1918.

North Borneo Centra Archive. No. 480. Labour Ordinance 1916.

North Borneo Centra Archive. No. 480a. Labour Ordinance 1929.

North Borneo Centra Archive. No. 497. Desertion by Husbands in the Native Villages. Extract from letter no. 34,36, 16, from Resident of the West Coast, April 1936.

North Borneo Centra Archive. No. 1016. Conditions of Labour in Colonies, Protectorates, etc. and Problems Connected with Labour. The Labour Department of North Borneo, Arrangements for the Supervision of Labour Conditions in North Borneo.

North Borneo Centra Archive. No. 1126. Labour Advisory Board, Minutes of Meeting. Section 9 (v) on Comments by Legal Adviser on Minutes of the Meeting of the Labour Advisory Board held in Jesselton on 22 April 1929.

North Borneo Centra Archive. No. 1126. Section 9 (iii), (iv) on Comments by Legal Adviser on Minutes of the Meeting of the Labour Advisory Board held in Jesselton on 22 April 1929.

North Borneo Centra Archive. No. 1186. Labour Ordinance 1936. Ordinance No. 1 of 1936.

Official Gazette 1916. Section 5 (ii) of Ordinance No. 9 of 1916.

Official Gazette 1916. Section 28 of Ordinance No. 9 of 1916.

Official Gazette 1916. Section 13 of Ordinance No. 9 of 1916.

National Library Board, Singapore

The Acts and Ordinances of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements, from the 1st

April 1867 to the 7th March 1898, Vol. I. 1898. London: Printed by Eyre and Spottiswoode.

Buku

Belle, C. V. 2015. Tragic Orphans: Indians in Malaysia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

De Silva, Maureen. 2019. Buruh Jawa di Borneo Utara: Satu Latar Belakang Sejarah. Dlm. Eko Prayitno Joko et al., (eds.). Isu-isu Perburuhan dan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di Sabah, Malaysia. Kota Kinabalu: Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Hlm. 19–34.

Kaur, Amarjit. 1998. Economic Change in East Malaysia: Sabah and Sarawak since 1850. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Kaur, Amarjit. 2004. Labour Dynamics in the Plantation and Mining Sectors in Southeast Asia, 1840–1950: A Historical Perspective. In Elmhirst, Rebecca & Ratna Saptari (Ed.). 2004. Labour in Southeast Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. Hlm. 47–76.

Massey, Andrew. 2006. The Political Economy of Stagnation British North Borneo Under the Chartered Company 1881–1946. Kota Kinabalu: The State Sabah Archive.

Md Saffie Abdul Rahim. 2002. Jepun di Borneo Utara: Migrasi dan Kegiatan Ekonomi 1884–1941. Kota Kinabalu: Universiti Malaysia Sabah.

Northrup, David. 1995. Indentured Labor in the Age of Imperialism, 1834–1922. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Reany Koton & De Silva, Maureen. 2018. Sebab-musabab Pengrekrutan Buruh Peribumi di Estet Perladangan Borneo Utara (1881–1942). Dlm. Eko Prayitno Joko (eds.). Deksripsi Mengenai Sabah Daripada Pelbagai Perspektif. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan &

Buku Malaysia. Hlm. 63–80.

Rutter, O. 1922. British North Borneo: An account of its history, resources and native tribes. London: Constable & Company Limited.

Tregonning, K. G. 2007. Under Chartered Company Rule North Borneo 1881–1946. Kuala Lumpur: Synergy Media.

Wong Tze-Ken, Danny. 2005. Historical Sabah: The Chinese. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publication (Borneo).

Wong Tze-Ken, Danny. 1998. The Transformation of an Immigrant Society a Study of the Chinese of Sabah. United Kingdom: Asean.

Artikel

De Silva, Maureen. 2011. Javanese Labour Migrants in British North Borneo, 1914–1932. Bumantara: Journal of Social and Poltical Development, Vol. 1. No. 1. Pp. 23–41.

Kaur, Amarjit. 2009. Labor Crossing in Southeast Asia: Linking Historical and Contemporary Labor Migration. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 11. No. 1. Pp. 276–303.

Ochiltree, Ian. 2004. Mastering the Sharecroppers: Land, Labour and the Search for Independence in the US South and South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 30. No.1. Pp. 41–61.

Sen, Sunanda. 2016. Indentured Labour from India in the Age of Empire. Social Scientist, Vol.44. No.1/2. Pp. 35–74.

Tesis

De Silva, Maureen. 2009. Javanese Indentured Labourers in British North Borneo 1914–1932. Tesis Kedoktoran. University of London: Department of History School of Oriental and African Studies.

Junaiday Gurongot. 2013. Sejarah Undang-undang Buruh di Borneo Utara dari tahun 1881–1942. Latihan Ilmiah. Universiti Malaysia Sabah: Fakulti Kemanusiaan, Seni dan Warisan.