PEOPLE, PUBLIC, AND PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE MANAGEMENT: INSIGHTS FROM SANTUBONG, SARAWAK: PEOPLE, PUBLIC, AND PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE MANAGEMENT: INSIGHTS FROM SANTUBONG, SARAWAK

Nur Auni Ugong; Siti Hafizah Suaidi

doi:10.51200/jba.v10i1.7204

Authors

Nur Auni Ugong Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Siti Hafizah Suaidi Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51200/jba.v10i1.7204

Keywords:

Heritage Management, People-Public-Private Partnership, Santubong Archaeological Site, Sustainability

Abstract

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the People-Public-Private Partnership (P4) model in managing the Santubong Archaeological Site in Sarawak, Borneo, by focusing on its indicators, challenges, and strategies for balancing heritage conservation with socio-economic development. Using a qualitative methodology, the research incorporates in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation involving stakeholders such as heritage managers, community leaders, and private sector representatives. Analysis reveals that the P4 framework's strengths include fostering community involvement (57.9%), promoting clear communication (47.4%), and aligning shared goals (42.1%), all of which contribute to more effective heritage management. However, the study also identifies significant challenges, such as funding constraints (26.3%), lack of expertise (47.4%), and communication barriers (15.8%), which hinder the full realization of partnership potential. Key strategies proposed to enhance outcomes include equitable revenue sharing, the integration of technology, and focused capacity building. Although the findings are site-specific and may not be entirely generalizable, they offer valuable insights for comparative research. The practical implications highlight the importance of inclusive governance, strategic resource allocation, and technological support for sustainable heritage site management. Socially, the study emphasizes the need for community engagement in preserving cultural heritage, while simultaneously addressing local economic needs, fostering social cohesion, and strengthening cultural identity. Overall, this research provides a fresh perspective on the application of the P4 model in Southeast Asian archaeological site management, combining international best practices with localized strategies.

References

List of References

Book and Journal

Aggarwal, M., & Suklabaidya, P. (2017). Role of Public Sector and Public Private Partnership in Heritage Management: A Comparative Study of Safdarjung Tomb and Humayun Tomb. www.infrastructure. gov.in.

Allegro, I., & Lupu, A. (2018). Models of Public Private Partnership and financial tools for the cultural heritage valorisation.

Alnsour, J., Al-Weshah, G., Kakeesh, D., Al-Hyari, K., & Arabeyyat, A. (2024). Assessing City Marketing in Jordan: The Case of Petra. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism. 15(2) 373 - 384. https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v15.2(74).11.

Alrwajfah, M., Almeida-García, F., & Cortés-Macías, R. (2021). The satisfaction of local communities in World Heritage Site destinations. The case of the Petra region, Jordan. Tourism Management Perspectives. 39.

Aureli, S., & Del Baldo, M. (2022). Stakeholders' consciousness of cultural heritage and the reconciliation of different needs for sustainable development. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. 13(4). 964–982. https://doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-10-2020-0156.

Bertacchini, E., & Gould, P. (2021). Collective Action Dilemmas at Cultural Heritage Sites: An Application of the IAD-NAAS Framework. International Journal of the Commons. 15(1). 276-290. https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1089 .

Blundo, D., Muiña, F., Del Hoyo, A., Riccardi, M., & Politi, A. (2017). Sponsorship and patronage and beyond. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. 7. 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-08-2016-0045.

Boniotti, C. (2021). The public–private–people partnership (P4) for cultural heritage management purposes. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, ahead-of-print. 13(1). 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-12-2020-0186.

Cesaro, G., Jamhawi, M., Al-Taher, H., Farajat, I., & Orbas˛lı, A. (2023). Learning from Participatory Practices: The Integrated Management Plan for Petra World Heritage Site in Jordan. Journal of Heritage Management. 8. 125 - 141.

Chan, Y. W., & Lee, V. P. Y. (2017). Postcolonial cultural governance: a study of heritage management in post-1997 Hong Kong. International Journal of Heritage Studies. 23(3). 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2016.1269238

Chin, Lucas & Nyandoh, R. (1975). Archaeological Work in Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal. XXII (44), 1-6.

Chin, Lucas. (1977). Trade Pottery Discovered In Sarawak from 1948 to 1976. Sarawak Museum Jurnal. XXV (46), 1-7.

Christie, Jan Wisseman. (1985). On Po-ni: The Santubong Sites in Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal. XXXIV (55), 77-89.

De Araujo, H. R., Lobo, H. A. S., & Travassos, L. E. P. (2019). Evaluation of the private participation in the implementation and management of ecotourism in cavernas do peruaÇu national park, brazil. Acta Carsologica. 48(3). 341–352. https://doi.org/10.3986/ ac.v48i3.7273

De Noronha Vaz, E., Caetano, M., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). A multi-level spatial urban pressure analysis of the Giza pyramid plateau in Egypt. Journal of Heritage Tourism. 6. 108 - 99.

Doherty, C. et al., (2007). Archaeological Investigations At Sungai Santubong, Kuching Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal. LXIII (84). 65-94.

Ekici, S. C., Özçakır, Ö., & Bilgin Altinöz, A. G. (2022). Sustainability of historic rural settlements based on participatory conservation approach: Kemer Village in TurkJeoyu. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. 14(4). 497–520. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-05-2021-0087.

Fletcher, R., Johnson, I., Bruce, E., & Khun-Neay, K. (2007). Living with heritage: site monitoring and heritage values in Greater Angkor and the Angkor World Heritage Site, Cambodia. World Archaeology. 39. 385 - 405.

Gillespie, J. (2009). Protecting World Heritage: Regulating Ownership and Land Use at Angkor Archaeological Park, Cambodia. International Journal of Heritage Studies. 15. 338 - 354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250902933900

Gillespie, J. (2013). World Heritage management: boundary-making at Angkor Archaeological Park, Cambodia. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 56. 286 - 304. https://doi.org/10.1080 /09640568.2012.657868.

Gitau, D., Wahome, E., Njuguna, M., & Kinyanjui, K. (2024). Conserving Commons for Whom? Heritage Conservation in Nairobi and Other Places in Kenya. The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice 15. 39 - 52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17567505.2023.2300174.

Griswold, A.B. (1962). The Santubong Buddha and its Context. Sarawak Museum Journal. XI (19-20), 363-371.

Haanpää, R., Puolamäki, L., & Karhunen, E. (2019). Local conservation and perceptions of heritage in Old Rauma World Heritage Site. International Journal of Heritage Studies. 25(8). 837–855. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1552611

Harrisson, Tom. (1957). Tanjong Tegok: A Prehistoric cemetery on the South China Sea. Sarawak Museum Journal. VIII (10), 55 – 63.

Harrisson, Tom. & Harrison, Barbara. (1957). The Pre-History Cemetry of Tanjong Kubor (with special reference to T’ang Stoneware). Sarawak Museum Journal. VIII (10), 19-50.

Harrisson, Tom. & Jr, O’Connor. Stanley J. (1967). “The Tantric Shrine” excavated at Santubong. Sarawak Museum Journal. XV (30-31), 201- 222.

Hawass, Z. (2000). Site management at Giza Plateau: master plan for the conservation of the site. International Journal of Cultural Property. 9. 1 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0940739100770925.

Hemeda, S., & Sonbol, A. (2020). Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramids. Heritage Science. 8. 1-28. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s40494-020-0356-9.

Haselberger, M., & Krist, G. (2022). Applied Conservation Practice Within a Living Heritage Site. Studies in Conservation. 67(S1). 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2022.2076778

Heslinga, J., Groote, P., & Vanclay, F. (2017). Strengthening governance processes to improve benefit-sharing from tourism in protected areas by using stakeholder analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 27. 773 - 787.

Jamal, T., & Stronza, A. (2009). Collaboration Theory And Tourism Practice In Protected Areas: Stakeholders, Structuring And Sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 17. 169 - 189. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802495741.

Jiménez, M., & Gutiérrez-Carrillo, M. (2019). The Alhambra Master Plan (2007-2020) As A Strategic Model of Preventive Conservation of Cultural Heritage. 4. 59-72.

Joshi, R., Tamrakar, A., & Magaiya, B. (2021). Community-based participatory approach in cultural heritage reconstruction: A case study of Kasthamandap. Progress in Disaster Science. 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100153

Jung, T., & Dieck, M. (2017). Augmented reality, virtual reality and 3D printing for the co-creation of value for the visitor experience at cultural heritage places. Journal of Place Management and Development. 10. 140-151. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-07-2016-0045.

Katsamudanga, A. (2021). The Legal Frameworks of Protecting Archaeology in Africa. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.497.

Larson, L., & Poudyal, N. (2012). Developing sustainable tourism through adaptive resource management: a case study of Machu Picchu, Peru. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 20. 917 - 938. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.667217.

Losson, P. (2013). The creation of a Ministry of Culture: towards the definition and implementation of a comprehensive cultural policy in Peru. International Journal of Cultural Policy. 19. 20 - 39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2011.625417.

Mbuthia, S., Kieti, D., & Ipara, H. (2024). Manifestation and Management of Cultural Heritage: An Analysis of the Old Towns of Kenyan Coastal Region. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science. 37(6). 230-247. https://doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2024/v37i61341.

Mcanany, P., & Rowe, S. (2015). Re-visiting the field: Collaborative archaeology as paradigm shift. Journal of Field Archaeology. 40. 499 - 507. https://doi.org/10.1179/2042458215Y.0000000007.

Mickel, A., & Knodell, A. (2015). We Wanted To Take Real Information: Public Engagement And Regional Survey At Petra, Jordan. World Archaeology. 47. 239 - 260. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243. 2015.1017002

Miura, K. (2022). A dilemma of World Heritage ideals and challenges in Southeast Asia. International Journal of Cultural Property. 29(4). 433-457. doi:10.1017/S094073912200025X

Morillas, H., Maguregui, M., Gallego-Cartagena, E., Huallparimachi, G., Marcaida, I., Salcedo, I., Silva, L., & Astete, F. (2019). Evaluation of the role of biocolonizations in the conservation state of Machu Picchu (Peru): The Sacred Rock. The Science Of The Total Environment. 654, 1379-1388.

Woodfill, B., & Rivas, A. (2020). Addressing Problems beyond Heritage, Patrimony, and Representation: Reflections on Twenty Years of Community Archaeology in the Southwestern Maya Lowlands. Heritage. 3(3). 561-586.

Nasser, N. (2003). Planning for Urban Heritage Places: Reconciling Conservation, Tourism, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Planning Literature. 17. 467 - 479. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0885412203017004001.

Osanna, M., & Rinaldi, E. (2018). Planned conservation in Pompeii: complexity and methodological choices. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. 8. 111-129. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-05-2017-0025.

Pansukkum, S., & Swanson, J. (2018). Cultural Heritage Tourism Through the Lens of Youth: The Case of Thai Youth Visitors to Ayutthaya Historical Park, Thailand., 261-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8426-3_16.

Pearson, M., Pollard, J., Richards, C., Thomas, J., Tilley, C., & Welham, K. (2008). The Stonehenge Riverside Project: exploring the Neolithic landscape of Stonehenge. Documenta Praehistorica. 35. 153-166. https://doi.org/10.4312/DP.35.11.

Phuanpoh, Y., & Ketsomboon, N. (2023). Development of Integrated Marketing Communication Model for Health Tourism Entrepreneurs to Accommodate Elderly Tourists in the World Heritage City for Elderly Tourists (Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya District). Wseas Transactions On Business And Economics. 20. 1320-1335. https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2023.20.118.

Righettini, M. (2021). Framing Sustainability. Evidence from Participatory Forums to Taylor the Regional 2030 Agenda to Local Contexts. Sustainability. 13. 4435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ SU13084435.

Seviset, S., & Charoensettasilp, S. (2018). Indicators of the Sustainability of Historical Tourism of Communities Surrounding Phra Nakorn Sri Ayutthaya Historical Park.

Advances in Intelligent Systems Research. 1951-6851. https://doi.org/10.2991/ICITME-18.2018.31.

Solheim, W. G. (1965). The Prehistoric Earthenware Pottery OF Tanjong Kubor, Santubong. Sarawak Museum Journal. XII (26), 1-62.

Solheim, W. G. (1983). Archaeological Research in Sarawak, Past and Future. Sarawak Museum Journal. XXXII (53), 35-53.

Sotiriadis, M., & Shen, S. (2017). The contribution of partnership and branding to destination management in a globalized context: The case of the UNWTO Silk Road Programme. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing. 3(2). 8-16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1209121

Srijuntrapun, P., Fisher, D., & Rennie, H. (2017). Assessing the sustainability of tourism-related livelihoods in an urban World Heritage Site. Journal of Heritage Tourism. 13. 395 - 410. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2017.1373779.

Taormina, F., & Baraldi, S. (2022). Unveiling forms of participation in the governance of UNESCO world heritage sites. European Spatial Research and Policy. https://doi.org/10.18778/12311952.29.2.05.

Thanvisitthpon, N. (2016). Urban environmental assessment and social impact assessment of tourism development policy: Thailand's Ayutthaya Historical Park. Tourism Management Perspectives. 18. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TMP.2016.01.006.

Throsby, D., Zednik, A., & Araña, J. (2021). Public preferences for heritage conservation strategies: a choice modelling approach. Journal of Cultural Economics. 45. 333 - 358.

Treloar, F.E. (1977). The Composition of Gold Artifacts From Santubong and Gedong, Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal. XXV (46), 9-18.

Tucon, Paul S. C. et al., (2010). New Engraving Discovered at Santubong, Sarawak Malaysia. Sarawak Museum Journal. LXVII (88), 105 – 121.

Umar, N., Yüceer, H., & Aydın, R. (2022). Assessing community awareness for participatory conservation of cultural heritage: the case of Tepebağ Tumulus and its surroundings in Adana Turkey. Open House International. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-09 20210205

Vinodan, A., & Meera, S. (2022). Integrated management of heritage sites: scale development and validation. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. 14(3) 312–336. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-09-2021-0158

Winter, T. (2008). Post‐conflict Heritage and Tourism in Cambodia: The Burden of Angkor. International Journal of Heritage Studies. 14. 524 - 539. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250802503274.

Zainie, Carla. and Harrisson, Tom. (1967). Early Chinese Stoneware Excavated In Sarawak, 1947- 1967, A Suggested First Basic Classification, Sarawak Museum Journal. XV (30 – 31), 30 – 90.

Zan, L., & Lusiani, M. (2011). Managing Machu Picchu: Institutional Settings, Business Model And Master Plans. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. 1. 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1108/20441261111171701.

Žuvela, A., Dragija, M., & Jelinčić, D. (2023). Partnerships in Heritage Governance and Management: Review Study of Public–Civil, Public–Private and Public–Private–Community Partnerships. Heritage. 6(10). 6862-6880