THREATS OF BIOCORROSION MOSS AND RIVER EROSION ON MEGALITHIC SITES IN LONG PASIA, BORNEO: A CASE STUDY OF PETROGLYPH NARID UPAI SEMARING
Keywords:
archaeology, historical heritage, megalithic structure, SabahAbstract
During ancient times, megalithic sites generally functioned for religious purposes, astronomy, burial monuments, symbols of a man’s strength, and markers for land boundaries. Nowadays, megalithic sites have the potential to be used as locations for cultural and heritage tourism, particularly archaeology tourism. This indirectly shows that a megalithic structure is something of great value, especially from economic, historical, and cultural perspectives. Its existence is relevant is always relevant. Therefore, the originality of a megalithic monument’s structure must be maintained and preserved from any threats of damage and destruction. Unfortunately, a megalithic structure often faces various threats of damage and destruction, be it naturally or from human activities. Hence, this study aims to examine the threat of natural damage through the process of biocorrosion river erosion on megalithic sites in Long Pasia, Borneo, focusing on the case study of petroglyph Narid Upai Semaring. Other than that, this study also suggests mitigation approaches that can be applied to overcome the threats. Insights from the observational data (photo documentation) through a series of field studies were used as evidence to explain the phenomenon under investigation. This research provides an in-depth insight into how the reaction between the natural environment (moss and river flow) and megalithic sites could change the physical structure of the site. The research finding not only contributes to our understanding of the damage mechanism to ancient artifacts, but it also has crucial implications for the protection, preservation, and management of historic sites in areas that are exposed to the process of biocorrosion and river erosion. The finding is expected to help plan proper preservation and conservation actions for megalithic sites particularly in Long Pasia and generally in Malaysia.
References
Abd Talip, M., Maraining, A., Bee, B. B. B., & Baco, Z. (2022). Geospatial archaeology of Ulung Buayeh (crocodile mound): The Integration of location, landscape and mound effigies in Lundayeh culture in Long Pasia and Long Mio. SPAFA Journal, 6.
Afandi, M. N. A. N., & Bee, B. B. B. (2016). Petroglif Lumuyu: Suatu pendokumentasian semula. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia, 29 (1).
Bala, B., Bee, B. B. B., & Baco, Z. (2021). Penemuan warisan Megalitik Lundayeh di Long Pasia: Potensi arkeopelancongan. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia, 34(1).
Chen, Y. E., Wu, N., Zhang, Z. W., Yuan, M., & Yuan, S. (2019). Perspective of monitoring heavy metals by moss visible chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Frontiers In Plant Science, 10, 35.
Cwalina, B. (2014). Biodeterioration of concrete, brick, and other mineral-based building materials. Understanding Biocorrosion, 281-312.
Dewi, I. K., Fauzi, R., & Syahbandar, M. Y. (2022). Threat of landslides hazard at the core zone of cultural conservation strategic area of Gunung Padang megalithic site, in Cianjur District. Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies, 3(2), 105-110.
Eboy, O. V., & Kong, T. S. (2019). Megalithic stone heritage trail mapping for rural tourism using Geographic Information System (GIS) in Tambunan, Sabah. BIMP-EAGA Journal for Sustainable Tourism Development, 8(1), 33-43.
Gani, N. (2019). Megalithic sites in Punang Kelapang, Upper Baram, Sarawak: A preliminary survey. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia, 32(2), 13-30.
Gillings, M., Pollard, J., & Strutt, K. (2019). The origins of Avebury. Antiquity, 93(368), 359-377.
Hasanah, I., Riyanto, H.S., & Setyowardhani, H. (2018). Heritage tourism development: Concept of community-based tourism in megalithic site of Gunung Padang. DOI:10.5220/0009502004600465
İpekci, E. (2021). Evaluation of stone deterioration problems of Anavarza archaeological site for the purpose of conservation. Doctoral dissertation (Unpublished). Izmir Institute of Technology, Turkey.
Jaafar, S. N., Yusoff, M. M., & Ghaffar, F. A. (2016). Ancaman hakisan pantai dan adaptasi komuniti pesisir pantai di Malaysia: Kajian kes Kampung Kemeruk, Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Geografia, 12(10).
Jafar, A., Mapa, M. T., & Sakke, N. (2012). Impak aktiviti pembangunan terhadap trend kekerapan dan magnitud banjir di Lembangan Sungai Menggatal, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Jurnal Kinabalu, 18.
Jafar, A., Sakke, N., Hung, C. V., Mappa, M. T. M., Ibrahim, M. H., Hashim, M. H., ... & Maseleno, A. N. D. I. N. O. (2020). Flood risk assessment in Beaufort, Sabah, Malaysia. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(4), 2772-2783.
Jafar, A., George, F., Meri, A., Chong, V. H., Mapa, M. T., Sakke, N., ... & Baco, Z. (2021). Keberkesanan program imunisasi Covid-19 Kebangsaan di Malaysia Timur. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(7), 1-11.
Jafar, A., Sakke, N., Mapa, M. T., Dollah, R., & George, F. (2022a). The adaptive capacity in flood hazards and enhancement of local knowledge among floodplain community in Beaufort District, Sabah, Malaysia. International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts & Responses, 14(2).
Jafar, A., Sakke, N., Mapa, M. T., Dollah, R., & Joko, E. P. (2022b). Assessing flood risks and the coping strategy: A community adaptation in floodplain areas at Beaufort district in east Malaysia. Disaster Adv, 15, 1-11.
Jelinus, J. (2017). Ulung Buayeh: Taburan dan reka bentuk berdasarkan konteks arkeologi. Jurnal Borneo Arkhailogia, 1(1), 83-96.
Kong, S. T., & Eboy, O. V. (2021). Kajian taburan batu megalitik serta penentuan sumbernya di Kampung Tobilung menggunakan analisis GIS. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(2), 33-52.
Krzemińska, A. E., Dzikowska, A., Zaręba, A. D., Jarosz, K. R., Widawski, K., & Łach, J. S. (2018). The significance of megalithic monuments in the process of place identity creation and in tourism development. Open Geosciences, 10(1), 504-516.
Leroy, M. N. L., Molay, T. G. G., Joseph, N., Colince, F. M., & Bienvenu, N. J. M. (2017). A comparative study of concrete strength using metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks (crushed gneiss, crushed basalt, alluvial sand) as fine aggregate. Journal of Architectural Engineering Technology, 6(1), 1-6.
Lotfee, N. M. A. (2018). Pengebumian tradisi megalitik di Long Pasia, Sabah. Jurnal Borneo Arkhailogia, 2(1).
Lopez, B. R., & Bacilio, M. (2020). Weathering and soil formation in hot, dry environments mediated by plant–microbe interactions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 56(4), 447-459.
Moody, D. C. (1984). The Lundayeh languege. In JK. King & JW., King (eds.), Languanges of Sabah: A survey report. Canberra: The Australian National University, 59-65.
Nash, D. J., Ciborowski, T. J. R., Ullyott, J. S., Pearson, M. P., Darvill, T., Greaney, S., ... & Whitaker, K. A. (2020). Origins of the sarsen megaliths at Stonehenge. Science Advances, 6(31). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc0133
Petry, B. (2013). Petroglyphs in your pocket: A new field guide to rock art. Forestville: Bill Perty.
Roesch, L. F. W., Vieira, F. C. B., Pereira, V. A., Schünemann, A. L., Teixeira, I. F., Senna, A. J. T., & Stefenon, V. M. (2009). The Brazilian Pampa: A fragile biome. Diversity, 1(2), 182-198.
Santi, E., Na’im, M., & Umamah, N. (2019, March). Identification of the megalithic tradition based on its region and the human activity in Banyuwangi. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 243, No. 1, p. 012162). IOP Publishing.
Sampebua, O. (2022). Tongkonan Mario as a Tongkonan representation in the Sao Mario traditional house area, Soppeng Regency. The Seybold Report Journal, 17(09), 978-986.
Sauman, Y., Jusoh, A., Hasni, M. T., & Ramli, Z. (2018). Penemuan terkini bukti kebudayaan megalitik dan pengebumian tempayan di Sabah. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia, 31(2).
Seglins, V., Kukela, A., & Lazdina, B. (2019). Stone studies of the Carnac alignments. In 19th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2019 (pp. 971-978).
Soehady, H. F., Asis, J., Tahir, S., Musta, B., Abdullah, M., & Pungut, H. (2017). Geosite Heritage and Formation Evolution of Maga Waterfall, Long Pasia, South of Sipitang, Sabah. Geological Behavior, 1(2), 34-38.
Sunkar, A., Meilani, R., Rahayuningsih, T., & Muntasib, E. K. S. H. (2016). Social capital: A basis for community participation in fostering environmental education and the heritage tourism development of Cibalay megalithic site. E-Journal of Tourism, 3(2), 120-129.
Tan, K. H. (1986). Degradation of soil minerals by organic acids. Interactions of soil minerals with natural organics and microbes, 17, 1-27.
Toriman, M. E., Kamarudin, M. K. A., Idris, M. H., Gasim, M. B., & Jamil, N. R. (2008). Masalah sedimentasi dan penyelesaiannya melalui kaedah pengurusan persekitaran: Satu kajian kes di Sungai Chini, Pahang. e-BANGI: Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, 3, 1-14.
Tsado, T. Y. (2013). A comparative analysis of concrete strength using igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks (crushed granite, limestone and marble stone) as coarse aggregate. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Budownictwo.
Viktor A. Novozhenov, V.A. (2024). Rock art and petroglyphs. In Rehren,T. & Nikita, E. (eds). Encyclopedia of archaeology. (Second Edition). Academic Press. Pages 44-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90799-6.00050-1.
Warscheid, T., & Braams, J. (2000). Biodeterioration of stone: A review. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 46(4), 343-368.
Windadri, F. I. (2023). Moss from Sumbawa District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 24(2).
Zykubek, K., Proudfoot, T., Lithgow, K., & Carpenter, D. (2020). Research on the selection of biocides for the ‘disinfection’of statues and masonry at the National Trust (UK). Journal of the Institute of Conservation, 43(3), 225-241.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Total Views: 42
