PERANAN PERISTIWA DALAM PEMBENTUKAN IDENTITI: PERISTIWA TANDUO 2013 DAN PEMBENTUKAN IDENTITI MASYARAKAT SULUK (TAUSUG) DI SABAH
THE ROLE OF ‘EVENT’ IN IDENTITY FORMATION: TANDUO’S INCIDENT 2013 AND THE SULUK IDENTITY FORMATION IN SABAH
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51200/ejk.v23i.1122Keywords:
Identiti, Sabah, Tanduo, Suluk, sempadan ~ Identity, boundary, Malaysia, Tausug, Lahad Datu , Sulu Sea, Southern PhilippinesAbstract
Elemen bukan fizikal merupakan elemen utama dalam pembentukan sempadan, terutamanya pembentukan sempadan identiti sesuatu kumpulan. Namun, artikel ini melihat bahawa pembentukan sempadan bukan fizikal ini tidak boleh difahami sebagai satu proses semula jadi kerana ia merupakan elemen yang dibentuk oleh proses tertentu. Dalam hal ini, penulis melihat bahawa salah satu daripada elemen penting yang membawa kepada wujudnya wacana hegemoni dalam pembentukan sempadan identiti ini adalah melalui elemen peristiwa. Oleh itu, artikel ini membincangkan bahawa peristiwa Tanduo di Sabah merupakan tragedi identiti masyarakat Tausug di negeri ini kerana peristiwa ini mewujudkan kebenaran sosial dalam kalangan masyarakat yang akhirnya membawa kepada imej negatif masyarakat Suluk di negeri Sabah. Jelasnya, pembentukan imej negatif ini terhasil daripada fungsi peristiwa tersebut dan menyebabkan ia menjadi salah satu fakta yang tidak dapat disangkal kebenarannya. Akibatnya, masyarakat Suluk dilihat sebagai bermasalah, perlu dijauhi, berbahaya dan seterusnya membawa kepada pembentukan pelbagai kategori Tausug yang sebelum ini berada dalam satu kategori yang sama. Dalam hal ini, penulis melihat jika sempadan fizikal boleh diperkukuhkan melalui peningkatan ketenteraan, artikel ini melihat pembentukan dasar-dasar yang berguna perlu dimainkan oleh badanbadan bukan kerajaan, ahli-ahli politik dan sebagainya terutamanya dalam mengurus persepsi yang berlaku ini.
A non-physical element is a key element in the border formation, particularly the formation of group's identity. However, this paper argues that the formation of this non-physical boundary cannot be understood as a natural process or pre-given but produced by a particular social and historical process. In this case, the authors argue that one of the crucial elements that led to the emergence of this hegemonic discourse of the identity formation is through the role of event. Therefore, this paper argues that Tanduo incident in 2013 was the tragedy of the Suluk identity formation in the state. The Tanduo incident has produced the particular kind of relationships, self/other and eventually led to the negative representation of the Suluk community in the state. Apparently, the formation of this negative representation is derived from the role of event, namely the Tanduo incident which produce a new reality, undeniable fact and truth about the Suluk. As a result of this self/other relationships, the Suluk community has been seen as problematic, to be shunned, dangerous and finally it leads to the formation of the bad and good Suluk categories. In this case, the author argues that, if the physical boundaries can be strengthened through military enforcement, this paper sees the non-governmental organizations, politicians, ruling government and various segments of Sabah society play a very crucial role especially in managing this negative perception towards Suluk community
References
“Maharaja Omar’ and five other suspected Sulu terrorists nabbed in Kunak”, Borneo Post, 26 Jun. 2014,
“6 suspek pengganas Sulu ditahan sekitar Kunak”, Berita Harian, 25 Jun. 2104;
“Bodies of 16 Sulu militants sent to Lahad Datu hospital”, The Sun Daily, 16 June 2014;
“Kronologi Pencerobohan di Lahad Datu”, Sinar Harian, 2 Mac 2013
“Lahad Datu Trial: Sulu militant shot dead hid inside hole in the ground”, New Strait Times, 17 June 2014;
“Police tracking down more suspected Sulu militants”, Brunei Times, 28 Jun, 2014
“Police tracking down more suspected Sulu terrorists”, The Malay Mail, 27 June 2014;
“Policeman among six held as Sulu terrorist suspects, says IGP”, The Malaysian Insider, 25 June 2014;
“Sulu militants may be behind kidnappings in Sabah, says Zahid Hamidi”, The Malaysian Insider, 26 June 2014
“Sulu militants may be behind spate of kidnappings in Sabah – Zahid”, The New Sabah Times, 27th June, 2014
“Sulu militants may be behind spate of kidnappings, says Ahmad Zahid”, Borneo Post, 27 Jun 2014
“Suluk Sabah bukan Sulu”, Utusan, 10 Mac 2013
Acharya, A., 1997. The Periphery as the Core: The Third World and Security Studies. Dalam Krause, Keith., and Michael Williams, (Eds.), Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
Agnew, J., 1994. The Territorial Trap: The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory. Review of International Political Economy, 1(1), 53-80.
Alagappa, M., 1987. The National Security of Developing States: Lessons from Thailand, Massachusetts: Auburn House Publishing
Albert, M., Jacobson, D, and Lapid, Y. 2001. Identities, Borders, Orders: Rethinking International Relations Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
Ayoob, M.,1995. The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publisher
Buzan, B., 1991. People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, 2nd Edition, Boulder Co.: Lynne Rienner
Campbell, D,. 1998. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, revised edition. Manchester: Manchester University Press
Campbell, D., 1996. Violent Performances: Identity, Sovereignty, Responsibility”, dalam Yosef Lapid, Yosef., & Friedrich Kratochwil, The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory. Boulder, Co: Lynne Reinner
Fierke, K.M., 2007. Critical approaches to International Security, Cambridge: Polity Press
Gowing, P.G., 1977. Mandate in Moroland: The American Government of Muslim Filipinos, 1899-1920, Quezon City: Philippine Center for Advanced Studies
Holsti, K.J., 1996. The State, War, and the State of War London: Cambridge
Hudson, J., 2011. The 'Twitter Revolution' Debate: The Egyptian test case”, The Atlantic, http://www.theatlanticwire.com. 31 Jan.
Jackson, R.H., 1993. Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World London: Cambridge
Kee Sabariah K.Y. & Asmiaty Amat. 2012. Suluk. Dalam Kntayya Mariappan & Paul Porodong (Eds.). Murut & Pelbagai Etnik Kecil Lain di Sabah. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan dan Buku Malaysia
Kiefer, T.M., 1972. The Tausug, Violence and Law in a Philippine Moslem Society, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Magno Torres III, W., 2006. Voyages and Ethnicity Across Reordered Frontiers: Conflict Resolution and Leadership in the Dynamics of Ethnic Identity Formation Among the Sama Dilaut of Semporna, Negotiating Globalization in Asia. (Manila: Ateneo Center for Asian Studies
Magno Torres III, W., 2007. Rido: clan feuding and conflict management in Mindanao, Makati : The Asia Foundation
McCormic, J., 2002. Understanding the European Union: A Concise Introduction, Second Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave
Mohammad Faizal Rashid. 2014. Kesejahteraan sosial dalam memartabat komuniti Suluk: ruang dan cabaran. Jurnal Kinabalu, 20, 81-102
Neuman, I., 1999. Uses of the Other: The ‘East’ in European Identity Formation, Manchester: Manchester University Press
Ramli Dollah. 2013. Isu pelarian Rohingnya dan Dilema Dasar Tidak Campur tangan (DTC) ASEAN. Dalam Ramli Dollah et. al. Siri Wacana Sains Sosial: Kepelbagaian ilmu dan isu Sosial, Kota Kinabalu: Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Ramli Dollah, Marshita Mohd Radzi, Modwin Robin, Amrullah Maraining, Dewi Herviani, M. Malik Ag. Rasin, 2013. Elemen Fizikal Dan Bukan-Fizikal Dalam Pembentukan Sempadan: Pengalaman di Pantai Timur Sabah”, Malaysia, Bengkel Wacana Perbatasan, Dewan YTL, 20-21 Nov.
Ramli Dollah, Marsitah Mohd Radzi, Wan Shawaluddin Wan Hassan dan Amrullah Maraining. 2015. Elemen Fizikal Dan Bukan-Fizikal Dalam Pembentukan Sempadan: Pengalaman Pembentukan Identiti dalam Kalangan Komuniti Sempadan di Pantai Timur Sabah, Malaysia”, Geografia, 11(7), 9-20
Ramli Dollah & Zainus Sagi Khusyairy Pangkas. 2013. Diplomasi Malaysia-Filipina Semasa Krisis Tanduo, Lahad Datu (Sabah), Feb-Mac, 2013. manuskrip yang belum diterbitkan.
Ramli Dollah, W. Shawaluddin W. Hassan & Baszley Bee B. Basrah Bee. 2007. Isu Ambalat: Reaksi Perang Indonesia ke atas Malaysia dan Implikasinya kepada Keselamatan Serantau”. Malaysia dari segi Sejarah: Malaysian Historical Society. 35, 103-118
Roe, P. 2005. Ethnic violence and the Societal Security Dilemma, London: Routledge
Sario, R., 2014. Security forces on high alert over possible ‘attack’ by Sulu gunmen in Sabah”, The Star, 17 July
Scholte, J.A., 2000. Globalization: A Critical Introduction, New York: St Martin’s Press
Syed Azhar. 2014. Mabul attack: Tausug people believed to be behind raid, says Zahid”, The Star, 15 Jul.
Temu bual, En. Rasman (bukan nama sebenar), pengusaha Perikanan Laut Dalam, Kota Kinabalu, 27 Jun 2014Temu bual, YBhg. Laksamana Pertama Dato' Pahlawan Sulaiman Bin Mohamad, Ketua Markas Angkatan Tugas Bersama (ATB) 2, Tawau, 14 November 2013Kerja lapangan, beberapa daerah di Pantai Timur Sabah, Semporna, Tawau, Lahad Datu, dan Tungku, September-Oktober, 2013
Temu bual bersama En. Jamarul, (bukan nama sebenar) Pekerja dalam Sektor Perikanan, Kota Kinabalu, 29 Julai 2014
Temu bual, Mursi, (bukan nama sebenar), pelajar Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 14 Mei 2013
Temu bual, En. Salleh (bukan nama sebenar), Pekerja ladang kelapa sawit, Tawau, 8 Januari 2014
Vanar, M., 2014. Fire in Kunak village hideout of Sulu terrorists triggered by short circuit. The Star, 29 June
Vaughan-Williams, N., 2009. Border Politics: The Limits of Sovereign Power, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Waever, O., 1996. European security identity’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 34(1), 103-132.
Waever, O., 1998. Insecurity, security, and asecurity in the West European non-war community. DalamEmanuel Adler & Michael Barnett (Eds.) Security Communities, London: Routledge
Waever, O., et. al. 1993. Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe. London: Pinter
Wan Shawaluddin Wan Hassan, Ramli Dollah & Diana Peters. 2016. Datuk Abd Harun Bin Rashid: Pesuruhjaya Polis Sabah. Kota Kinabalu: Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Wan Shawaluddin Wan Hassan dan Ramli Dollah. 2011. Pendatang dan Isu Keselamatan di Sabah Kota Kinabalu: Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Total Views: 1924
| 
Total Downloads: 1894
